I mean what chemical reaction lead this conversion and what is the effect on the soil strength and durability?
Dear Ebrahim, primary minerals (mostly silicates) are transformed into secondary minerals like clays (e.g., kaolinite) and/or Fe-oxides (e.g., goethite) by hydrolysis. For example, according to the reaction:
primary silicate + H2O + CO2 releases ions in solution (Na+; K+; Ca2+; Mg2+; H4SiO4) and leads to the formation of a mineral weathering phase (e.g., kaolinite...)
here is a very good text book that can inform you:
"Introduction to the petrology of soils and chemical weathering", by Daniel B. Nahon, 1991, Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 313.
This book also provides useful informations on soils' formation and evolution.
Best wishes, Anicet
Dear Ebrahim, primary minerals (mostly silicates) are transformed into secondary minerals like clays (e.g., kaolinite) and/or Fe-oxides (e.g., goethite) by hydrolysis. For example, according to the reaction:
primary silicate + H2O + CO2 releases ions in solution (Na+; K+; Ca2+; Mg2+; H4SiO4) and leads to the formation of a mineral weathering phase (e.g., kaolinite...)
here is a very good text book that can inform you:
"Introduction to the petrology of soils and chemical weathering", by Daniel B. Nahon, 1991, Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 313.
This book also provides useful informations on soils' formation and evolution.
Best wishes, Anicet
Ebrahim, I also encourage you to harvesting invaluable information in the seminal work of Robert A. Berner. Regards, Anicet
The answer to the subject question by Dr. Anicet Beauvais is Very good. However, a large number of factors effects this transformation. The details are available in in several Soil Chemistry and Soil Mineralogy books, like
1. https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj7_dDUzvvLAhVIS44KHb9FB5EQFggZMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2FSoil-Physical-Chemistry-Second-Edition%2FSparks%2F9780873718837&usg=AFQjCNHimEoV1Z3CFo16Ur4A4IkQ5L4TNA&sig2=7ChYBnFhCEYyWTQA8IykWg&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E
2. https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyj9CKz_vLAhXRCY4KHbFxB2IQFggeMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fwebb%2Fpublications%2F1994%2Fwhite_abstract1994.html&usg=AFQjCNF1Mecwi3HAxn-kIvIiZSzIoH2c5w&sig2=LOzhAnl5pTfLiKC3oiGvoA&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E
3. https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyj9CKz_vLAhXRCY4KHbFxB2IQFggkMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252FBF00280768&usg=AFQjCNFWcJbitWQUC4Qgig1IS3c200hLUw&sig2=-Es7-dPE05hsjiliEhc3Rw&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E
4. https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi3yNK2z_vLAhWJQI4KHXiZByoQFggcMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.sciencesocieties.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fpdfs%2Fsssabookseries%2Fmineralsinsoile%2Ffrontmatter&usg=AFQjCNEmAu9BC2ljNRy0xP2McCJe2maIcg&sig2=R3vj1Fk-I_Cyjz31RhqHig&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E
5. https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi3yNK2z_vLAhWJQI4KHXiZByoQFggkMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eolss.net%2Fsample-chapters%2Fc19%2FE1-05-07-09.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGRWUPwx9EbGLrfHeV1_x4DPGFkMQ&sig2=K05mTjTBur0-36s_uVDitw&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E
Dear Mr. Sangsefidi:
some papers might be of assistance for your work:
Bouchard, M., Jolicoeur, S., 2000. Chemical weathering studies in relation to geomorphological research in southeastern Canada. Geomorphology 32, 213 – 238.
Hall, A.M., Auton, C.A., 2003. Palaeogene and Neogene deposits, weathering and soil development. In: Merreitt, J.W., Auton, C.A., Connell, E.R., Hall, A.M., Peacock, J.D. (Eds.), Cainozoic Geology and Landscape Evolution of North-East Scotland. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 66E, 67, 76E, 77, 86E, 87W, 87E, 95, 96W, 96E and 97 (Scotland), pp. 42 – 54.
Olson C.G. 2006. Clay - mineral contribution to the weathering mechanisms in two contrasting watersheds. European Journal of Soil Science 39, 457 - 467.
Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R., 2002. The nature and properties of soils.Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, NJ, 960 pp.
Brantley, S.L., White, A.F., 2009. Approaches to modeling weathered regolith.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 70, 435-484.
Taylor, G., Eggleton, R.A., 2009, Regolith geology and geomorphology: John Wiley & Sons, 375 pp.
Best regards
Harald G. Dill
in addition to what mentioned above, hydrothermal alterations could cause it as well as many different types of metamorphism and metasomatism. normal chemical weathering procedures, and saussuritization process of Ca-rich feldspars. it depends on the geological environments and mode of occurrence ..
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