1. Descriptive Research Design

• Focuses on describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon.
• Does not attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Examples: case studies, surveys, observational studies.
• (Part of phenomenology research)

2. Correlational Research Design

• Explores relationships between two or more variables without manipulating them.
• Aims to identify associations, (not causation)
• Often used to predict outcomes based on known relationships.

3. Experimental Research Design

• Involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe the effect on a dependent variable.
• Typically conducted in controlled settings.
• Includes True Experimental Design, which uses random assignment, and Quasi-Experimental Design, which lacks random assignment.

4. Cross-Sectional Research Design

• Observes different population groups at a single point in time.
• Used to examine prevalence or relationships in a given population.

5. Longitudinal Research Design

• Follows the same subjects over a period, allowing for observation of changes over time.
• Useful for understanding trends, effects, or developmental patterns.
• Also called horizontal research

6. Case Study Research Design

• An in-depth, contextual analysis of a single case or a few cases.
• Common in qualitative research and useful for unique or complex situations( like studying Human resource relations in a large organization)

7. Comparative Research Design

• Compares two or more groups or cases.
• Often used in cross-cultural or cross-national studies to identify differences or similarities.

8. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

• Meta-analysis aggregates findings from multiple studies to draw conclusions about a broader phenomenon.
• Systematic review synthesizes existing research in a structured way, often leading to meta-analysis.

Each design serves a different purpose and has unique strengths and limitations.

Rajendra K. Gupta When you reprint an answer from an AI, you should credit your source, just as you would in any other research context.

Please share here an example for me I will be very thankful to you my respected professor.

David L Morgan Please share here an example for me I will be very thankful to you my respected professor.

Simply say that you queried ChatGTP (or whatever) and this is the response the you got. In other words, avoid any possible misinterpretation that this is your own work.

Yes its ok but if someone asks a question and you know that if I use this or this helping tool then I can find a solution for his her problem, so in this context is it bad to use ChetGpt or other AI?

It is not a question of whether you use it but whether you state your source.

Ok thanks a lot for pointing out our mistake next time we will refer our source. Thanks one again for keen observation. Keep doing like this respected professor.

Rajendra K. Gupta which of your above designs fall in qualitative or quantitative one? It would serve and provide a clue to the researcher how to proceed further with ones' research.

David L Morgan you seem to be a negative minded academician .Criticizing for sake of it. First AI is open source and AI itself gives references when applicable. You are not supposed to give reference of AI. It is pooled knowledge. secondly read my answer again. There are significant modifications by me . So first learn , consider, then reply. Don't spread negativity . I would love if you give your learned answer.

@Ghulam Mustafa Bozdar kindly ask specific questions related to your research instead taking my examination. Don't fire vague and sweeping questions. Cant be replied here .I will try to answer your specific query about your research problem.

Yes, I am also thinking of asking a question and answering it. A common deal.

There is no need to refer AI as source it is absurd

AIe gives references in its reply generated

Rajendra K. Gupta What makes requiring someone to acknowledge their use of AI absurd? Otherwise, without it, readers may actually believe that the "author" generated these insights themselves.

If I have first done everything, which means complete quantitative research, then complete qualitative research, then complete experimental research, and interpret all separately, then what will be my research design?

The simplest answer is "multi-methods" research, which is considered to be a more general category than "mixed-methods." In particular, most current definitions of mixed methods include a requirement for integrating the results from the different methods.

Rajendra K. Gupta sir ji, I had simple question that which of the research designs as enumerated by you above are qualitative. As far as your affiliation is concerned, I presume you are in quantitative research. Therefore, for a novice slot it is imperative to know the use of the designs for ease of understanding and carrying forward the research design. Being a senior and experienced in varied research outcomes you are supposed to help and spread knowledge for common good. Thanks