Einstein’s theory of gravity is very good at explaining the behavior of large objects. General relativity also gives us some insight into the nature of gravitons. In general relativity, the distribution of mass and energy in the universe is described by a four-by-four matrix that mathematicians call a tensor of rank two. This is important because if the tensor is the source of gravitation, you can show that the graviton must be a particle with a quantum mechanical spin of two. Another nice fallout of this correspondence is that the graviton is the only possible massless, spin two particle. If you observe a massless, spin two particle, you have found the graviton.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2014/05/what-are-gravitons/
In gravitational blueshif, gravitons behave like electromagnetic fields and cause increased photon's energy (in fact, intensity of electromagnetic fields). So, we need a new definition of graviton.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268343642_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton?ev=prf_pub
Article A new Definition of Graviton
Gravity is thought to be made up of longitudinal waves of quadruple form and spin 2. Now with curl free vector potential generators, there is reason to believe graviton can be made from an interference pattern in two photons of dipole form and spin 1. Any suggestion that gravity is not quantized brings memories of how gravity field is generated. There is mass that is quantized and maybe also interference patterns of transverse electromagnetics that are quantized during transient events. The colleague who doesn't believe in gravitons is requested to propose some other non-quantized source of a gravity field. I suggest gravity is quantized by nature of the sources that produce it.
Blue shifting under gravity is a shortening of wave lengths based on the gradient in potential energy.
Dear Dr. Hossein Javadi,
I have the same problem and a analogous work. Please reference:
Graviton-photon interaction in the gravitational redshift
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278111169_Graviton-photon_interaction_in_the_gravitational_redshift
and
www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_describe_the_gravitational_redshift_with_the_quantum_field_theory
Research Graviton-photon interaction in the gravitational redshift
Dear Jerry
I agree with you that gravity is quantized. Problem is how we can analyse the existence (and also its properties) of this quanta that is called graviton?
Dear Arno
There is an interesting description about the mystery of graviton in following site:
http://youstupidrelativist.com/06QM/06Gravity/02LookingFor.html
Many physicists have believed that graviton does not exists. It is understandable that you do not believe the graviton exists. Because it is not supported by directly experiment. But indirectly I have described that graviton exists.
Dear Yin Zhu
I appreciate your efforts in this field. I am studying your articles. There is good view on properties of graviton such as the speed of graviton. Especially your attention to Pound-Rebka experiment is a considerable view. I suggest you study my articles (linked below), then might we approach to closely opinion on graviton.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279185909_Graviton_and_Newton%27s_second_law?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279288309_Graviton_and_virtual_photons?ev=prf_pub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268343642_A_new_Definition_of_Graviton
Article Graviton and Newton's second law
Article Graviton and virtual photons
Article A new Definition of Graviton
Dear Arno
"It only works when connected to the other natural forces. " Exactly, you are right. But there is a considerable relationship between natural forces that has ignored.
In my opinion, all four forces must be described in relation to each other.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113834_Graviton_Virtual_photon_and_Quantum_Chromodynamics?ev=prf_pub
Article Graviton: Virtual photon and Quantum Chromodynamics
Dear Yin Zhu
You are most welcome. My problem is finding a mechanism that shows how nature works.
Dear Arno
You have focused on structure of ether and Vacuum (vacuum quanta) and I have analyzed the quantum vacuum energy.
I generalize the Maxwell equations of electromagnetism to the gravitational field and described quantum vacuum without using the uncertainty principle.
Dear Arno
"I know the view don't fully match,.." Sure, they come of different minds.
Gravity field as well as flat space can be analyzed with assumption that every point in space can be regarded as a point source of vibrations representing energy with frequency and amplitude of distortions in space time. It is the same method used in optics, and the same method Richard Feynman used in teaching quantum mechanics. Mostly the vibrations cancel each other out. When some part does not cancel, then it propagates through space. Vibration is from oscillators on smallest scales of physical states also in somewhat larger scale of the Zero Point Field. Every type of stress on an oscillator changes the amplitude and frequency until the stress is removed or separated by a sufficient distance.
In space each type of stress produces a different variety of change in the microstate oscillator and a different type of polarization in space, suggesting that each oscillator of the microstates has maybe 4 dipoles representing the four possible forces, each of which contains an equal amount of energy in flat space. Under stress the partition of energy is not equal in the oscillator.
Gravity expressed as discrete gravitons may be occupying a slightly larger scale considering the ways a gravity field can be created. If you model the graviton as an oscillator with longitudinal vibrations, quadruple form, and spin of two, then the blue shifting of a strong gravity field is represented by a smaller amplitude and higher frequency than is found in nearly flat space representing the higher potential energy of the field. Nearly everyone is trying to use continuous mathematics, which fails to realize the importance of vibration mode, amplitude, and frequency.
I don't object to the use of continuum mechanics for describing larger groups of at least 30 gravitons, but it loses the fine detail of microstates. For a smaller collection the discrete math gives a more accurate picture that allows quantum mechanics to be applied to the statistical chances of how the gravitons interact with each other and with other quanta. It is the unbalanced interaction of quanta on average that propagates the classical field.
Dear Jerry
Gravitons interact with each other. When gravitons interact with each other, they convert to color charges and magtic color, then they form the electromagnetic energy.
Let’s consider to a photon that is falling in the gravitational field, and revert back to the behavior of a photon in the gravitational field. When a photon is falling in the gravitational field, it goes from a low layer to a higher layer density of gravitons.
When some gravitons are around a photon (or other particles) they convert to color charges and enter into the structure of photon.
Color charges around particles/objects interact with each other. There exists so much graviton around any particle. There are many layers of gravitons around a photon. The first layer is closed with photon, so that its gravitons interact with charge and magnetic fields in the structure of photon. The second layer interacts with the first layer and third layer and so on. Therefore; when a stone is falling in the gravitational field of the Earth, two layers of gravitons are applied to it, first layer up (at high h) and second down (at high h-dh). In down layer, the density of graviton is greater than up, so the stone falls and its kinetic energy increases.
David Cole sent following links in my discussion in LinkedIn.
I found they are very interesting links, so I decided to share them with you.
Time in Quantum Gravity
http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/pub/HuggettVistariniWuthrich2012_TimeQG_PittArchive.pdf
Three Roads to Quantum Gravity
http://alpha.sinp.msu.ru/~panov/LibBooks/SMOLIN/Lee_Smolin-Three_Roads_to_Quantum_Gravity-Basic_Books(2002).pdf
A Brief Introduction into Quantum Gravity and Quantum Cosmology
http://www.aei.mpg.de/~stefan/IMPRS/Site/Previous_Events_files/qglong.pdf
Color, Charm, and Strangeness are not my specialties. I leave the to others. Photon of a certain energy interacting with a graviton of twice that energy may convert the graviton into one or two other photons, weakening the gravity field. Light and gravity compete for curvature of space and for expression in the vacuum potential. In big bang model, I make the exception that light opposes gravity and in case of excess light, cancels gravity out completely. So there is very old universe, expanded by light pressure of low entropy, maybe not an explosion.
Gravity wins when a massive star has given off most of it's possible light. Black hole theories were made before discovery of cosmic background microwaves. Now black holes have a theoretical problem with blue shifted photons falling into the event horizons. Nothing comes out of a black hole, but the event horizon can expand with in creasing mass. The black hole experiences a never ending stream of blue shifted microwaves falling in from the cosmic back ground, raising the temperature without increasing the mass. Penrose and Hawking debated Nature of Space and Time in 1994, suggesting the black hole must reach an equilibrium with distant microwaves 2.7 degrees Kelvin, blue shifted to the black hole temperature at the event horizon. Equilibrium suggest x- ray photons coming out but red shifting to microwaves in some distant place.
Without an equilibrium, the blue shifted photons would eventually cancel out the gravity of the black hole and cause it to disappear from our space time. It doesn't seem to happen, so the other choice is that light speed appears for distant observer to slow down in the gravity field and go to zero at the event horizon as Peter Bergmann preferred in his second book on gravity.
If graviton can be constructed from photons, slow photons imply slow gravitons near a black hole, suggesting long time delay occurs between a black hole event and the observed effects. So in speaking of red or blue shift of gravitons, it is helpful to say whether the measurement is local or distantly observed.
Dear Jerry
I agree with you that energy convert to graviton and vise versa, so in these process we have weakening and strengthening the gravity field.
"Light and gravity compete for curvature of space and for expression in the vacuum potential." I agree with you.
Let's focus on photon properties.
A photon is a package electromagnetic energy. In fact, a photon is formed of two electric and magnetic field compressed. So, when gravitons convert to electromagnetic fields, they behave like electric and magnetic fields that I have called "color charge and magnetic color".
In my theory, energy is "dense field" and mass is "Intensive energy".
Hi dear all:
The question is: How do we know that space-time is a curvature?
Because, the experience shows that the path of light is not direct in gravitational field and it’s in fact a curvature.
But, there is no matter in the space, however, there exist effect of mass (material) in the space that is called gravitation. On the other hand, according to quantum field theories, the carrier of gravitational force is Graviton. Therefore, in order to describe the curvature of space-time, we must investigate interaction between Graviton and photon.
Thus, to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity, there is just one way and that is investigating the physical phenomena by means of Graviton. From one side, since the old definition of Graviton could not solve this problem, CPH theory solved this problem by a new definition of Graviton.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309153372_What_is_CPH_Theory?ev=prf_pub
Article What is CPH Theory?
In spite of publishing many articles about graviton, but it has not been done any considerable work about mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particles. The reason is that the old graviton definition (in modern physics) is unable to describe this mechanism and also it is impossible to get the theory of the quantum gravity. In this article with reconsidering physical phenomena, a new definition of graviton is given which by its using; the mechanism of graviton exchange between bodies/particle is described and surveyed.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310003753_The_Mechanism_of_Graviton_Exchange_between_Bodies
Article The Mechanism of Graviton Exchange between Bodies, Part I
Dear Dr. Hossein Javadi and all Readers
The graviton-photon interaction is an old problem. It is currently thought that the graviton is impossible to be detected.[1]
But, from the gravitational redshift, light bending by gravity and Shapiro time delay, I presented that the energy of photons is varied by gravity. Accordingly, the energy of the gravity is certainly varied by the photons. Therefore, the variation of the gravity can be predicted with the variation of the frequency the photons.[2-5]
And, it is much more significant, this variation of frequency of graviton can be detected.[6] It is based on such a observation: No general light can lift a metal sphere/cube of 1 kg while a magnetism can easily do so. Thus, comparing with general light, a littlie variation of the frequency of the photons of the magnetic field could result in a much larger variation of the force by the magnetism. And, I presented that the light pressure of the general light caused by the variation of frequency in the gravitational redshift can be measured.[4] If the variation of the force of an electromagnetic field, as well as of the gravitational field, caused by the variation of frequency is much larger than that caused by this light pressure, the variation of the gravitational force caused by the light could be more easily detected than our imagining.
It should begin to manipulate and use gravitational field as we used electromagnetic field.
[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260972613_Is_a_Graviton_Detectable
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301682815_Method_to_detect_gravitational_field_and_graviton?ev=prf_pub
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304151459_Observation_of_Graviton_and_Ways_to_Manipulate_Gravitational_Field
[4] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309349458_Design_to_detect_gravitational_field
[5] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278111169_Graviton-photon_interaction_in_the_gravitational_redshift?ev=prf_pub
[6]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309642879_A_simple_plan_to_detect_electromagnetic_field
Article Is a Graviton Detectable?
Experiment Findings Method to detect gravitational field and graviton
Experiment Findings Observation of Graviton and Ways to Manipulate Gravitational Field
Method Design to detect gravitational field
Research Graviton-photon interaction in the gravitational redshift
Experiment Findings A simple plan to detect electromagnetic field
Dear Yin Zhu
If graviton be able to describe physical phenomena that are regarding with gravity, so we should accept it exists.
In CPH theory, after reconsidering and analyzing the behavior of photon in the gravitational field, a new definition of graviton (carrying the gravity force) is given. By using this definition, graviton exchange mechanism between bodies/objects is described. As the purpose of quantum gravity is describing the force of gravity by using the principles of quantum mechanics, all the large bodies such as stars and galaxies which are made up of atoms and elementary particles, quantum gravity should explain the graviton exchange mechanism between atoms and elementary particles, too. In the previous paper (first part), a new definition of the relationship has been given in which the relation between gravity (graviton) and electromagnetic (photon) have been described. In this part, the graviton exchange mechanism in the beneath of layer were studied and analyzed and it finally has been tried to generalize and extend the graviton exchange mechanism from between particles and atoms to large bodies.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310457967_The_Mechanism_of_Graviton_Exchange_between_Bodies_Part_II?ev=prf_pub
Article The Mechanism of Graviton Exchange between Bodies, Part II
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