Cracks can be considered as alternations of the geometry, which affect the stiffness of the structure.
You may detect the effects of a crack with significant size if you notice a difference in the eigen-frequencies of the structure. This can be done either through testing (measuring) or by FEA. For example, it is easy to build two models and compare the original and cracked structure dynamic characteristics. If the crack is of significant size, you will notice a shift of the eigen-frequencies.