I found that the phase 3 clinical trial[1] that supports Ustekinumab to get marketed with placebo. To me knowledge, in clinical trials the patients are usually allowed to take some background drugs, so the placebo control arms are actually background drugs plus placebo and the experimental arms plus drugs to be studied. However, in this Ustekinumab trial the participants were prohibited to take any other drug. I understand that because psoriasis is not a life threatened disease, even if the studied drug has no effect a short period of time without treatment is OK. Is it necessary to compare the new drugs with a standard treatment? How does the drug administration make the decision if the new drug is allowed on the market?
Our article published in peer-reviewed Journal "Communicative & Integrative Biology". A few major points discussed in the paper:
(1) Brain is not the source of consciousness.
(2) Consciousness is ubiquitous in all living organisms, starting from bacteria to human beings.
(3) The individual cells in the multicellular organisms are also individually cognitive entities.
(4) Proposals like “artificial life”, “artificial intelligence”, “sentient machines” and so on are only fairytales because no designer can produce an artifact with the properties like internal teleology (Naturzweck) and formative force (bildende Kraft).
(5) The material origin of life and objective evolution are only misconceptions that biologists must overcome.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420889.2015.1085138