Greetings to Prof. Rk Naresh Sir

Ref:

[1] https://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-3/why-does-temperature-vary/angle-of-the-sun.php#:~:text=At%20higher%20latitudes%2C%20the%20angle,the%20surface%20and%20cooler%20temperatures.

[2]: https://www.clearias.com/insolation-heat-balance/#:~:text=Duration%20of%20the%20day%20varies,the%20amount%20of%20insolation%20received.

Thank You

Dr G N L Lalith Pankaj Raj Nadimuthu thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Latitude: The lower the latitude, the stronger the solar radiation.

For 2010, I have calculated the following in Watts per square meter:

78 at the Ny-Ålesund Observatory in Spitsbergen

143 at the Payerne Observatory in Switzerland

160 at the Tateno Observatory in Japan

126 at the Georg von Neumayer Observatory in Antarctica

162 at the Fort Peck Observatory in the USA

193 at the Boulder Observatory in the USA

161 at the Penn State Observatory in the USA

The source for these values is https://bsrn.awi.de/

Kind regards

Kevin

Dr Kevin F Forbes thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Generally, the higher the latitude, the greater the range (difference between maximum and minimum) in solar radiation received over the year and the greater the difference from season to season. The progressive decrease in the angle of solar illumination with increasing latitude reduces the average solar irradiance by an additional one-half. The solar radiation received at Earth's surface varies by time and latitude. The solar radiation per unit of surface area decreases with increasing latitude in each hemisphere, because the greater the latitude, the longer the distance through the atmosphere the Sun's rays must travel. Higher latitudes receive less solar radiation because the sun's rays stride the Earth's surface at a less direct angle. This spreads the same amount of solar energy over a larger area, resulting in lower temperatures. More solar radiation is received and absorbed near the equator than at the poles. The amount of solar radiation varies with latitude because of the curvature of the earth. The temperature decreases from the equator to the poles. Near the equator, the Sun's rays strike the Earth most directly, while at the poles the rays strike at a steep angle. This means that less solar radiation is absorbed per square cm (or inch) of surface area at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes, and that the tropics are warmer than the poles. Latitude, climate, and weather patterns are major factors that affect insolation the amount of solar radiation received on a given surface area during a specific amount of time. Locations in lower latitudes and in arid climates generally receive higher amounts of insolation than other locations. Because the Earth is a sphere, the surface gets much more intense sunlight (heat) at the equator than at the poles. During the equinox (the time of year when the amount of daylight and nighttime are approximately equal), the Sun passes directly overhead at noon on the equator. Latitude and geographical location: Solar irradiance is generally higher near the equator and decreases as you move closer to the poles. Regions closer to the equator receive more direct sunlight throughout the year, resulting in higher solar irradiance. The Equator, at 0° latitude, receives a maximum intensity of the sun's rays all year. As a result, areas near Earth's Equator experience relatively constant sunlight and little solstice variation. On an average those would be the poles. As you correctly pointed out, due to the tilt of the Earth's axis, there are large areas that receive very little and sometimes no sunlight at all and those change throughout the year. But on an average, poles are the ones that get the least amount of solar radiation. Duration of the day varies from place to place and season to season. It decides the amount of insolation received on the earth's surface. The longer the duration of the day, the greater is the amount of insolation received. The Earth spins on its axis once each day. Daytime is longer, the higher the amount of energy received by the Earth.