when it comes to OLED, ITO is frequently used as anode. what is needed for adquete anode is ability to hole transport. However, ITO is a degenerate n-type semiconductor material. Freely movable holes exist in the valence band, but papers that use ITO as an anode only consider the position of the Fermi level. Do the electrons that move from the LUMO to the HOMO of the emissive layer go to the valence band or the conduction band of the ITO? Additionally, if the Fermi level is above the conduction band, there are no available states in the valence band for electrons to occupy, making it impossible for electrons to move from the HOMO of the emissive layer to the valence band of the ITO?

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