Dear Shiozawa 

I share with the same concern, it is not right to open hatred Fund and launches him free rein during the election period and then try to form or another mitigation. Generally we on the verge of four lean years with Trump.

Regards

I tend to agree with you. I believe the outcome was triggered by intersection between a slow (for some very bad) economy, anger at status-quo politicians and popularism.  I do not think Mr. Trump will implement some of the 'extreme and ill-advised' stuff he announced during his campaign. He has already indicated that he is considering amending the so-called Obama Care (not repealing it). Perhaps, the focus should be on the 2 main parties not the candidates. There is sense that both parties have failed the American People by not taking into account the most important issues that matter to most citizens in this country...And yes, ECONOMICS is on the top of that list of issues.

Like you, I am totally opposed to Mr. Trump's views on women, minorities, and disabled people. However, I think (I hope) he might change radically while at the white house. He might actually work harder than others to prove that he is worthy to be our President. At least we are not in a dictatorship where the commander-in-Chief remains there until he dies and does what he wants (it is always a 'he'!). It will be 4 years and (if he is deserving of the People's trust) 8 years at most.

Dear Mina Baliamouner-Lutz, 

thank you for your post. You have reviewed Cohen’s International Political Economy: An Intellectual History. You must have good knowledge on international political economy (or are you specialized in international political economy?) I have posed a closely related question to the present one:

How do International Political Economy and International Trade Theory explain the strong opposition to free-trade agreement?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_do_International_Political_Economy_and_International_Trade_Theory_explain_the_strong_opposition_to_free-trade_agreement

At a recent post of mine, I am also posing a similar question. Please read that question page, too. You may find something to say.

You have written many papers on trade. You must also have your opinions on the present state of international economics and on theories of international trade in particular.

With best regard,

Yoshinori

Dear Yoshinori,

Thank you for your reply and the information on the other posts on the political economy questions. I have strong interest in this area as it can help us understand why the same country is very open to (free) international trade sometimes and sometimes it is against it. I will read the posts and your related publications as soon as I can. 

With my best regards and wishes,

Mina

By a pure chance I have read Peter Howitt's short paper:

• Innovation, Competition and Growth: A Schumpetereian Perspective on Canada's Economy,  C. D. Howe Institute Commentary No. 246, April 2007.

This is a paper on economic growth and Howitt talks about technological progress. Almost all economists agree that the technological progress is a prime motive power of the economic growth. Howitt criticizes the first generation of endogenous growth theory, because "it ignores critical aspect  of the growth process: technological change is a game with losers as well as winners."

Technological innovations are often  called "creative destruction." It is a creation at the same time that it is  a destruction. Creation and destruction are two sides of the same coin. Technological innovation is a process from which "some people gain and some people lose."

Now this is my comment. Many economists talks about creative destruction and recommend it. However, they are inclined to talk about the positive side of the creative destruction; but they do not consider seriously the negative side.

This kind of asymmetry drives economics toward the group of successful elites. Economics policies focuses on the positive side but the negative side is most often forgotten. The Trump phenomena may be the outcome of this gainer-friendly, loser-unfriendly economic policies.  

Trump Victory Leads To Economic Questions!

Bernard Baumohl, chief global economist at the Economic Outlook Group in Princeton, N.J., said the U.S. economy could enter a recession next year as a result of the new president's economic policies...

http://www.courant.com/business/hc-trump-economic-fallout-20161109-story.html

Dear Ljubomir Jacić,

thank your for information. As I am not thinking that Trump's economic policies are coherent, I do not surprise if American economy could enter a recession next year. Oppositely, a boom may come for the moment but it will no be endurable.

However, I am not  worrying too much how Trump's policy effect the business cycle. Trump phenomena made clear that a deep division exists among common people in the U.S., and this may be the result of bad economic policies, which neglected losers in the competition or creative destruction. 

Once again, let me cite a new article from Evonomics, Entering the Age of Instability after Trump.

Peter Purchin, a specialist in cliodynamics or dynamical history theory, predicts that 2020 will be a peak of political instability (He predicted this in 2010).  As he put it,

• The presidential election which we have experienced, unfortunately, confirms this forecast. We seem to be well on track for the 2020s instability peak. And although the election is over, the deep structural forces that brought us the current political crisis have not gone away. If anything, the negative trends seem to be accelerating.

He warns "growing income and wealth inequality, stagnating and even declining well-being of most Americans, growing political fragmentation and governmental dysfunction." Of course, we know these facts. Purchin claims these are concerted results of a long term change which describes a cycle every about 50 years.

In 1930's, when everybody suffered from deep long depression, two solutions were proposed. One was totalitarian populism like Nazis. Another was Keynesian policy. We know the consequences of each of these two "solutions." In the freer world, Keynesian policy prevailed and brought a prosperous and growing economy. In economics, however, an anti-Keynesian revolution occurred in 1970's in the USA and it propagated to other world. Neoliberal market capitalism was cheered and deregulations and privatizations proceeded. Some parts of the economy may have been revived, but the inequality increased and accumulated. This is the deep basis of the mass votes for Trump, because he could succeed to attract the all the frustration of typical "poor whites."

As I have pointed, the economics since 1970's focused on the creative destruction without any care for losers of destruction. It is now time to reconsider our policy orientation. This does not mean that we simply return to Keynes or old Keynesian policy. We have better economics than Keynes's time. I am not speaking of General Equilibrium Theory. GET assumes full employment of all resources and cannot give a good policy for unemployment. What I call better economics is the revival of classical theory of value (see my paper The Revival of Classical Theory of Values).

The new theory of international values shows that trade liberalization brings out both gains and losses from trade. The problem is those who gain and those who lose are different. The mainstream international trade theory ignored all these differences and claimed that as a whole trade liberalization is better off for the nation. It had no sense of political science. This enforced to the birth of international political economy.

The curriculum of the attachment gives detailed answers to  your political economics question; please read it carefully.

@Stephen I. Ternyik

I have read the curriculum of Trump University Real Estate 101. I see the contents of the RE 101, but I cannot see how it is related to my question. Would you kindly explain more explicitly?

. 

If we put all the rhetoric aside, I can only see the cognitive shape of a short-term speculator (rentier), not even a businessman, serious investor or entrepreneur. Consequently, any long-term strategy for reviving the US economy surely depends on some powerful master minds in that new administration. Otherwise, the election result will be a historical landmark for the small class of rentier elites. My concern is not an intellectual critique of Trumpism, but the real economic consequence of such a mind set, i.e. a public reinforcement/confirmation of the rent-seeking mentality, if such 'curricula' (RE101) would be applied to the political economy.

@Stephen I. Ternyik

thank you for the explanation.  I see now how your are thinking. You are concerned with what will happen when the Trump administration starts to work. I don not hope much that it will bring us a marvelous economy.  Most probable possibility is long-term degradation of the U.S. economy. However, this is not my  main concern. What is more important for me and probably for many others is the reason why many people (at least about a half of all voters) had chosen Trump. 

Trump supporters may includes rentiers but majority of voters are common workers who believe they are suffering by globalization including trade and immigration. They are not rentier elites. The contents of RE101 of the failed Trump University do not tell much about the mindset of those majority of voters.

Yes ! The majority of voters has made an irrational desicion, concerning their own material interests as they are not rentiers. However, the Trumpist rhetoric used a clever mass psychology, in the tradtion of Bernays propaganda, i.e. their political communication has promised more jobs to that majority of voters. The mindset of those voters was powered by the hope for more fair employment, wages and affordable housing; these were the economic qualities that have made the US great.

I may not see clearly  the Trump’s victory as a question of economics, but we may find many potentially bad economic consequences of his victory!

Currently it looks to be headed for the gutters with Trump pledging to not ratify it and the American Congress abandoning plans to do so even before Trump is inaugurated come January 20 2017...

http://www.manmonthly.com.au/news/turnbull-trusts-trump-tpp-turnaround/

There are of course many different factors that contributed to his success, many of which will be discussed in the coming weeks and months. But an absolutely critical one we shouldn’t downplay is the anxiety felt by many white Americans about the country’s growing diversity, which led them to be attracted to the most racially regressive candidate in decades.

There is a lot of good evidence to support this theory, but some of the best comes from University of London researcher Eric Kaufmann. In August, Kaufmann worked with the polling firm YouGov to commission a specialized survey of white Trump supporters. His analysis, published on Thursday on the London School of Economics’ policy blog, tells us a lot about Trump voters.

The poll asked white people to rate their support for Trump on a scale of 0 to 10, with zero being no support and 10 being all aboard the Trump Train. Kaufmann then compared that with the size of increase in the Latino population in the respondents’ zip codes between 2000 and 2010. What he found was striking — the people who lived in areas with a large

@Sathish Dhandapani

Is your post complete? It seems that you have omitted a part of your post.

I have searched London School of Economics’ policy blog but could not find the Kaufmann's blog. Would you kindly give us the URL of the blog post?

Dear @Yoshinori, Trump and power is an article written by my friend Vladimir Gligorov. 

"Trump announced that he was going to pull the US out of TPP and was going to negotiate bilateral trade deals. To get better deals for the US: ‘to bring jobs and industry back’. The implication is that America has more of a bargaining power in bilateral rather than multilateral trade deals. Is that correct?

Usual power indices, I think, suggest otherwise...."

I find this short article as very interesting one. Do you?

http://pescanik.net/trump-and-power/

 Dear Ljubomir,

thank you for reviving this question page. Is Vladimir Gligorov a member of WIIW? I had a small conference in WIIW on May last year. I am not sure if he was present to my talk. Can you kindly ask him if he was or not? I talked about my new theory of international values. You can see the PPT presentation at that time in my contribution page. The title was "Recent Development of International Trade Theory and Some of its Consequences." 

As for Vladimir Gligorov's article, I am a simple amateur on international politics. I cannot estimate if Vladimir's argument is well founded or not. Any way,  I agree with him that many of Trump's policies have no firm basis.

The Nikkei Stock Index is now very high in expectation of Trump's new economic policies. I believe this is totally wrong and in a lapse of 4 years or so, all the world will know  that there is no magic in the field of economy. The same thing happened with Abenomics. Four years ago, many people cheered and expected this new economic policy set and expected a new era comes. The result was miserable. The only good effect that Abenomics brought is that monetary policies (quantity easing and negative interest rate) have no effect in some cases.    

Yes, Vladimir Gligorov is member of WIIW. I was not in communication with him so long time. I will try to realize if he was present at that small conference that was held there in Wien!

Dear Shiozawa 

Trump has Used a card by giving a speech to the majority of voters believe in their own financial interests through false electoral promises such as lower taxes and more jobs. I think Trump and his victory came from the political discourse was commensurate with the white far right hostile to many of American society. Therefore, we believe that the attack on Muslims and Mexicans and others came from this point. Generally upon receipt presidency, Trump will not meet any of his promises.

Regards

 Dear Miqdam,

As you put it, Trump is deploying the typical method of populism. Even if he does not make his electoral promises effective, he has dispersed already many seeds of hate. I  worry  much about it.

Yoshonori 

Dear Shiozawa 

I share with the same concern, it is not right to open hatred Fund and launches him free rein during the election period and then try to form or another mitigation. Generally we on the verge of four lean years with Trump.

Regards

How Trump CAN be fired from his job? I so believe USA must redeem the executive branch by doing the 'firing' at the right moment and for the right reason in the next four years!  With God's people's willing, of course...

Looks like I 'misfired'. It wasn't Trump but Comey... so much is happening. we certainly live in interesting time!   FBI was created at the time when one in four dollars circulated is 'fake' goods... but I suspect these days, more than one in four dollars  are controlled strictly where and how it would circulate... Are Americans better off that way? Only God knows...

Trump plans likely to aggravate U.S. inequality: Nobel winner Deaton

BUSINESS NEWS | Sat May 13, 2017 | 2:34pm EDT

Trump plans likely to aggravate U.S. inequality: Nobel winner Deaton

Nobel Laureate in economics Professor Angus Deaton speaks during the 2015 Nobel Banquet at the Stockholm City Hall December 10, 2015. REUTERS/Fredrik Sandberg/TT News Agency

By William Schomberg | BARI, ITALY

U.S. President Donald Trump's economic policies risk creating growth that mostly benefits the rich and aggravates income inequality in the United States, Nobel Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton said.

Trump was swept to power on promises of help for poorer Americans but Deaton said his proposals to roll back regulations on finance and industry and cut healthcare benefits would mostly help corporate groups with political influence.

Trump's plans to cut taxes and raise trade barriers, if enacted, might give a short-term income boost to some workers but would not deliver the long-term growth that is essential for mitigating the effects of inequality, he said in an interview.

"I don't think any of it is good" for addressing income inequality, said Deaton, a Princeton University professor, who won the Nobel Prize for economics in 2015 for his work on poverty, welfare and consumption.

He was speaking on Friday after addressing a meeting in Italy of finance ministers and central bankers from rich nations at which inequality topped the official agenda.

The political shocks in 2016 of Trump's U.S. presidential election victory and Britain's Brexit vote have been linked to widespread dissatisfaction with stagnant living standards for many workers, forcing policymakers in many countries to grapple with ways to narrow the gap between the rich and poor.

Income inequality has grown sharply in the United States over recent decades and the World Bank says that at a global level the gap has widened too since the 1990s, despite progress recently in some countries.

(Writing by William Schomberg; Editing by Ros Russell)

Trump tax plan is going to decrease 35% tax rate to 15% for corporation?  I assume 90% of Republican voters all have formed their own corporations, in anticipation of this change?  then, it makes sense...

http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/04/minitrue-delete-article-official-comments-trumps-tax-plan/

To know the outcome of an economic policy is very difficult. Cutting down corporate income tax  will not help much in expanding employment. It may be better that the United States ask other nations to raise their corporate income tax as high as the U.S. As for competitiveness, the two policies have the same effects.

The gathered income may be used to decrease the inequality among people.

This morning, my revelation about POTUS Paris withdraw is that he is now taking on himself the task of taking dollar out of international circulation. It used to be in the realm of Federal Reserve for issuing bonds and printing money according to their economic forecast/theory. POTUS basically tell them to figure something out, cook your book so that US won't fall into another recession. My concern is what would fit in dollar sign to function as a currency/value for the America? In Bush Era, we've tried using oil/false intelligence/weapon trade/Christian ideology... Obama isn't very innovative, so he tries Green Tech and support for basic scientific research etc... Now let's see what Trump has in his sleeves, assuming he isn't going to revert to Bush's hardline/policy. AG Session's war on drug is giving unwelcoming clue... but the good news is:  America might just let each State print their own money/benefit package! I fully support 4 States decisively announced their independence from Trump's still half-filled cabinet and half dim-wit cofvefe

https://www.conservativedailynews.com/2017/06/liberals-ownership-cognitive-dissonance/

https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/renaissance-hedge-fund-chief-defends-use-of-basket-options/

The only good call in the article was this:

" M. Barry Bausano, the president of Deutsche Bank Securities, testified that Deutsche Bank “affirmatively and proactively undertook steps to ensure compliance with applicable tax and securities laws and regulations.” It stopped selling the options in 2010 after the I.R.S. published a criticism of the strategy.

Marty Malloy, managing director of Barclays, testified Barclays was “subject to sufficient and significant internal and external review to ensure it complied with applicable tax laws and regulations.” Barclays stopped selling its options in 2013. "

Dear Yoshinori Shiozawa , where is the youtube link of Trump's alleged "racist, chauvinist, anti-feminist speech which encourages hates among people"???

Trump achievements, very, very impressive: https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/washington-secrets/maga-list-205-historic-results-help-trump-make-case-for-2020-reelection

Q - The Plan To Save The World (Subtitles)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vw9N96E-aQ

Transcript.

Have you ever wondered why we go to war or why you never seem to be able to get out of debt?

Why there is poverty, division and crime?

What if I told you, there was a reason for it all?

What if I told you it was done on purpose?

What if I told you, that those corrupting the world, poisoning our food and igniting conflict were themselves about to be permanently eradicated from the earth?

You might think that is an idealistic fantasy.

Well let me tell you a story.

We acknowledge there are criminals, of course.

They rob your house, they steal your phone, they can murder you too if they think they can get away with it.

We have all experienced criminals in one way or another.

Criminals, as we know, are those who choose personal gain over the rights of others with no regard for laws.

But here's where you need to expand your thinking.

Criminals can also succeed in business and politics, and can be elected as our leaders.

If a criminal became the president, imagine what they could achieve!

They could use the full weight of their executive power to commit much larger crimes,

and ensure they and their friends were enriched to the fullest extent possible.

A criminal president could create alliances with other criminal presidents, and then collaborate on more global criminal activities.

Anything goes, drug-running, human trafficking, whatever makes the big bucks.

The 20th century was turbulent with war, economic disaster, famines and displacement.

We have always accepted these as just human nature and simply the way the world works -

something inevitable and due to the weaknesses of human nature that lead us to these actions.

This is where we were all tragically wrong.

You are not a criminal. I am not a criminal.

So how can we just assume it is human nature that is driving all this pain and misery?

What if it wasn't human nature at all, and as a result of something more deliberate?

We were taught Capitalism was the cause of a massive rich/poor divide, and the reason for poverty

- which in turn is the reason for war, crime and starvation.

Others were taught that Communism, the system of equal wealth across all people, was really to blame for the mess.

But you see folks, it is none of these things. It is not our nature to fight and be racist, it is not in our nature to rob from others.

You must learn is that it was the CRIMINALS all along!

Yes. They got power. More power than a criminal should ever have.

They rose to the top of media companies that control our news and entertainment.

They ascended to the top of the banking system.

Also to the Oval Office.

To Brussels.

To the Vatican

To the Crown.

They crept in quietly.

They became leaders of agricultural companies who have control over food supply.

Also big pharmaceutical companies; the ones we trust to help us when we are sick.

Nobody stopped them and they just recruited more criminals to help them.

First they accumulated the world's wealth.

They invented a system of money called Central Banking which lends money to governments with interest, placing countries into eternal debt.

People's wealth got less, their wealth got more. Much more.

When a criminal is already as rich as they can get, then protecting their ill-gotten gains becomes the priority.

Angry citizens tired of being poor are a major obstacle and can revolt if they suffer enough.

The criminals needed to prevent this.

So they diverted attention to their last remaining competitor - the people of the world: You and me.

We are not happy being ruled by criminals and having to work 3 jobs just to survive.

They know we won't accept it.

So they used their control of the media to set black against white,

woman against man,

young against old,

Muslim against Christian.

They convinced us WE were the problem so that we would fight and destroy ourselves.

To get it done faster, they attacked all aspects of humanity that make us strong.

Like family.

Using their influence over culture, they popularized lifestyle choices that led to a surge in broken homes, lost youth and substance abuse.

I could talk all day about how else they deliberately weakened us, and it would turn your stomach.

We were just trying to get on with living.

So where are all the good guys?

Good people just want to get married, have kids, make a living and enjoy their liberty.

Well, there WERE good guys. Many.

One became the president of the United States in January 1961.

He knew about these criminals and wanted them gone.

He knew their intentions for us all and he wanted to fight them

Sadly, he had no idea how powerful they had become.

Reagan also had good intentions for the American people.

He knew this criminal mafia controlled almost everything by this stage, including the powerful rogue intelligence agencies.

His economic policies were promising,

but the criminals needed a weak America to hold onto their power.

Reagan was shown with a bullet that a growing US economy and prosperous citizens were not what the criminals wanted.

It was looking pretty grim for good people.

Every time someone wanted to stand up and do the right thing, they get stopped.

Were we ever to be freed?

The criminals are also known as the Deep State, or cabal, because of how they control things behind the scenes.

Every president after Reagan was one of these Deep State criminals, and their empire grew even stronger.

With each bad president came new depths America and the world would sink.

The world collapsed into darkness.

Do you need me to tell you how?

Destroyed factories, declining job numbers, sicker people, opioids, destruction of Iraq, Syria and Yemen with pointless war,

displacement of people into Europe, Isis, terrorism, collapsed governments, poverty and genocide.

TOTAL MISERY.

Do you think that was inevitable?

Hell no!

Well, here is where things start to take a new turn.

When the full picture comes to be known, it will forever be regarded as the greatest story ever told.

Well, here is the top line:

Some good people still held positions of power.

They valued humanity and the rule of law.

While the criminals discussed their game plan at the annual Bilderberg meetings, the good guys were making plans of their own.

The Information age was coming to change history forever.

As the internet flooded into every home, and appliances became smarter, and when people started carrying tracking devices,

an opportunity to put an end to criminal control over the world was emerging.

We became connected, trackable and surveilled

but SO DID THEY.

They became dependent - just like we did - on email, SMS and instant communication.

It made crime much easier, but it also put them on a grid that, if accessed by the right people, would expose their crimes to the public and end their iron grip on us once and for all.

In this new age of information, it was thought that the military should also have its own intelligence agency to focus on cyber crime and espionage.

They called this the NSA, the national security agency.

The relevance of the NSA in the story cannot be understated.

Here we had every phone call, email and text from every device, stored and archived.

Whether it be someone making a doctor's appointment or the Deep State setting up a massive heroin purchase from the Taliban.

In the right hands it would be enough information to expose the entire sinister criminal plot to rob us blind and wipe us out.

Hold that thought, now I need to explain the PLAN.

The good guys were devising a PLAN to reclaim the world from the cabal and return it to the people.

It would involve alliances with multiple countries, since the criminals had global rat lines, trade and other infrastructure in place that would need their cooperation.

It came down to two choices for America.

Launch a military coup to seize the government from whichever cabal puppet was in the White House.

Or win legitimately, take control of the NSA, expose the criminals for what they are and arrest them all.

Obviously, the first option would be very troubling for the public.

With people still preoccupied with cabal-engineered social issues, they would likely revolt and hurt themselves and others.

No, it would have to be the latter.

So they needed a candidate who could win and who could win big.

Many states like California had been so heavily inundated by criminals that even the voting machines were electronically set up to swing votes any which way.

It would need to be a very decisive victory.

Good patriots in the US military, and their global partners asked Trump to run for president so that they could take back control of America legitimately without alarming the public.

Trump was a good choice, obviously, because he overcame the voter fraud and won.

But he was a patriot and he was loved and admired by the public.

He was not interested in joining the cabal, mainly because they hated America and he did not agree with them on that point.

As soon as he showed interest in taking power, they activated their media assets to viciously turn on him.

That's when we saw the sudden hatred emerge.

Even when he won, the cabal still had no idea what he was part of, and the sophisticated plan that was about to unfold against them.

Shocked at their loss, they mobilized their full arsenal of intelligence, media, money and technology to try and take back power.

Their people at the top of the DOJ and FBI then put together a plan to frame Trump and have him impeached.

This is where we come back to the NSA again.

All messages were stored and could be used to expose this plot and prevent Trump's overthrow.

An entire book will be written about the first two years of Trump’s presidency, false flag terror attacks, downed planes, missile alerts, assassination attempts.

Here is the point.

The world is currently experiencing a dramatic covert war of biblical proportions, literally the fight for earth, between the forces of good and evil.

I can't put it in simpler terms but I can say it appears the good guys are winning.

The cabal had complete control over North Korea.

They hijacked the Kim Dynasty, took them hostage and worked to build up a nuclear arsenal to threaten the world.

Kim Jong-Un suddenly embracing peace was simply because the Deep State were beaten and driven out.

ISIS was also destroyed in the year after Trump's win.

We are all starting to see the pattern now that enough time has passed;

that our biggest global concerns are starting to recede, and peace is returning.

It is all evidence that the good guys are winning the war.

But we are still in the middle.

While a lot is improving, it still puzzles many that most of these known criminals are still free.

Especially higher ups like the Hillary Clinton, the Bushes and Obama.

That is coming in the next chapter of the story.

That’s why we have Q.

The good guys, with control over the NSA, began the Q intelligence dissemination program to invoke an online grassroots movement called "The Great Awakening".

It started on underground internet channels and then moved to the mainstream.

Q has been a fun distraction for those who follow world events and desire truth, but it is about to begin a much more important and necessary phase

- keeping the public informed when the Deep State war breaks out onto the surface.

By this, I mean high-profile arrests.

Yes folks. The criminals I am referring to are famous politicians, actors, singers, CEOs and celebrities.

People who have earned our trust, respect and admiration.

They have done very bad things that are all fully known and documented, and they will be severely punished.

Those of us who have followed Q since the beginning will be here to help you make sense of upcoming events.

We are among the first to realize that our petty partisan divisions are just trivial distractions, and we are all enslaved by a hidden enemy.

We realize that the problem was never Capitalism or Socialism, Democrat or Republican, black or white, Muslim or Christian.

We know it was just very powerful criminals who had too much power.

Fellow slaves. It's time to buckle your seatbelt, recognize your true enemy, and embrace a new future that we all owe to the brave patriots

who risked their lives to achieve victory against the greatest force of evil the world has ever known.

May God bless America.