I am exploring the case of social protest in Ecuador, in October of 2019. During a week of escalation of social conflict, both open expressions of racism and xenophobia appeared in the public discourse. Indigenous peoples who were part of the protesters received open racist attacks, while Venezuelan migrants were blamed for the violence. Indigenous peoples are clearly racialized in Ecuador, while Venezuelan migrants are not clearly so (in contrast to Haitian migrants, for instance).
I am not an expert in the field, but I hold that all forms of hatred (or animosity) towards others are of the same kind. Xenophobia, racism, etc. are only excuses (justifications) for showing (practicing) hatred. People need to "spend" their frustrations in some way; animosity towards others is one of the possible (and easy) way to do this.
I hope the following link could be of some use:
https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/153-euromed_en.pdf
Best of luck!
what s your purpose of analyzing together? as a mattere of fact, what do u ment by "analyze together?"
Mary-Helen Castanuela your response led me to explain myself a bit better. Both manifestations of racism and xenophobia were expressed very openly during the same protest in October 2019 in Ecuador. This is one of the reasons for why I wonder why social protest characterized by escalation of political violence triggers different forms of hate. When I say "analyze together", I am wondering of concepts, theories, authors, etc., who bring under a broader theoretical framework both racism and xenophobia. There are multiple works where the immigrant other is racialized, making this person the object of hate characterized by both, racism and xenophobia. But, what if the immigrant group is not necessarily racialized (or easily so, in a context of mestizaje -racial mixing- in Latin America)?
u might have red this, but jic--https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0020.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A27aab521e0041c14762f3572b489e4ab
xenophobia, racism and other terms for othering the 'other' are basically the outcome of cultural misconception and cultural ignorance which antidote is cultural relativism and dialogue between cultures to settle at the common ground in understanding cultural differences.
Maria Moreno you are welcome-- it there's anything else i can help u look for/find just ask
Yes, Eulalia Monteza Tome . Agreed that racism and xenophobia are forms of othering. Misconception an ignorance are part of the problem, but forms of hatred are also linked to broader structural and power dynamics. If it were only an issue of ignorance, it could be solved with education and awareness. That does not address issues of how both racism and xenophobia may link to structural inequalities.
education does not always mean to dissolve the problem of ignorance as education can also become the standard used in othering but education can be used to form consciousness of harmony, acceptance and cultural tolerance .
it is a research question, " How could one analyze together cases of racism (towards a group internal to the nation) and xenophobia (towards foreigners who are not racialized)? " regardless of ideology or beliefs or ideals
in your question, u re already defining your terms to an extent. "... foreigners who are not 'racialized')-- clearly refers to white foreigners, while, "... "racism (towards a group internal' to the nation)" most probably refer to indigent peoples of dark skin?? there is xenophobia that is exhibited to any stranger to a land including whites incoming from other countries; as there is racism toward incoming people-- foreigners-- of color from other countries. u must make clear and specific who it is and why u are conducting this investigation
What is interesting in the specific context (Ecuador, Latin America), is that we could say that the group of foreigners is not only comprised of white people (there are Venezuelans who are certainly white, others are mixed-race, others are black, etc.). Given Latin America mestizaje ("mixed-raceness"), it would be more appropriate to think of some people as "whiter than" others, and this changes contextually. Given the colonial history of Ecuador, the categories of "indigenous" and "black" are racialized. But who is considered indigenous or black (or not), varies a lot in different Latin American countries and in specific contexts. Ecuador, more specifically, is an Andean country, with important indigenous populations, but still think of its majority as mixed-race.
The reason why I am considering both cases together is related to the events that occurred during October 2019 in Ecuador. Social protests against the rise in gasoline prices and other economic measures erupted in political conflict. During these protests, blatant and heinous expressions of racist discourse and xenophobic discourse were present. Indigenous peoples who was one of the organizations who called for opposing the economic measures (the most visible one, and one which has the capability of mobilizing its grassroots in all the national territory), was the most visible among the protesters. The government also attributed various violent acts to Venezuelan migrants, who supposedly were part of an international plot to destabilize the administration. The animosities against Venezuelans were not only limited to the government, though. It is a complex and specific context of Ecuador, and I am considering how political social outbursts unleash different forms of hatred, or make use of them for political purposes.
I have previously concentrated my research in topics of racism, but this special context demands that we give attention to xenophobia. Mary-Helen Castanuela thanks for your question :)
I believe that you are referring to a universal phenomenon not confined to a particular country. Too many ethnic group in the world are prejudiced against in too many spots of the world. They are all the outcome of misconception which, at times, is fed by sick ideologies, fanaticism, and bigotry.
I have looked at these issues in the Canadian context through a settler-colonial theoretical perspective. I have submitted papers that are pending but could share my MRP if you are interested.
Maggie Perzyna that would be great!!! I would appreciate any info, thanks.
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