Distinguishing Majorana zero modes (MZMs) from Andreev bound states (ABS) in nanowire-superconductor hybrids is a central debate in topological quantum computing, as both produce zero-bias conductance peaks (moore2018). Advanced tunneling spectroscopy, including spin- and spatially-resolved techniques, can probe MZM non-locality and spin texture, revealing quantized conductance ($2e^2/h$) or braiding statistics unique to MZMs (alicea, 2012). Resolving this requires experiments isolating these signatures amidst disorder and noise.

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