If the wastewater is domestic, the candiate technology may be application of an Onsite Wastewater Differentiable Treamtent System, in which each stream at the household level can be separated into higher load graywater (wastewater from kitchen sink and washing machines), Lowerload greywater (wastewater from bath tub or wash basin), source-separated human feces and human urine using urine diverting toilets. The human fecesa can be treated using composting process, which is aerobic procss and saw dust can be used as matrix. The treated composted can then be brought to the farmland to be used as natrual fertilizr. The Source-sepatarted human urine contains nutreints, which can be applied directly on th farmland. Howver, preliminary treament may eb required to control the ammonia loss and smell. We need huge volume of urine around 10,000 Liters to meet the crop requirements such as wheat, rice an cotton etc. Therfore, we need to transport huge volume of source-separated human urine to the farmland which may increase transportation cost ofr farmers. So we recommend to set up and onsite volume reduction system using natrual wind velocity to reduce 70-80% volume of urine at household level.Then it could be tranported from each househols to farmland, where it has to be mixed with the irrigation water (which could be treated greywater). The higher load greywater contains organic matter, therefore, it can be treated by sand filteration method or Membrance Bioreactor to stabilize organic matter. The treated wastewater can be brought to the farmland via pipe system to be supplied as irrigation water. The lowerload greywater does not contain much of the organic matter, therefore, it could be mixed with treated higher load greywater in the pipes to be brought to the farmland where it can used as irrigation water. This new approach is gaining importance world over, many case studies can be found in Switzerland (EWAG Group), Germany (Hamberg Univeristy), Japan (Hokkaido Univeristy), Sweden, Finland (TAMK Univeristy), China (Xian Univeristy of Arch and Technology) etc.

wastewater can be treated by Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. After treatment wastewater can be used for agriculture use.

A conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment process will require a primary stage to remove particulate material (commonly referred to as grit). This can be done simply by passing your wastewater stream through steel mesh (~15mm max radius). Cleaning of the mesh depends on the particulate content of your waste stream (the less the better). Then you may move to wetland style treatment as proposed by Ashutosh, or your secondary treatment can be achieved in a basic aeration ditch using simple rotating brushes to oxygenate the wastewater allowing bacteria to reduce the carbonaceous content of the wastewater. For agricultural application you may wish to keep your nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations high - this will alleviate the need to add anearobic 'zones' or sequentally 'stepping down' your aeration to your basic design. From your aeration ditch your treated wastewater will need to settle for clarification. This can be done by shutting down your aeration (brushes) and allowing the bacterial flocs to settle. Pump off the clarified supernatant, waste SOME of your settled sludge and then refill the basin. OR for continuous flow you will need a seperate clarifier for settleing out of flocs from the waste (mixed liquior) and a pump on a return line from clarifier to the head of your aeration basin.

Sorry for the very elementary answer. I am not sure of the exact details of your aims. There are many methods and variations on BOD reduction, nitrification/denitrification, and phophorus removal (EBPR plants). Numerous variables would need to be considered - tertiary treament??? types of crop??? soil types?? geomorphology of application sites??? local and regional regulations???

Regards Chiemela.

David.

Hi I think you may be benift from this publication.

regards

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/ESWWastewaterAg.pdf

Dear Dr. Chiemela Victor Amaechi

Please visit the following link, also find attached file, I hope be useful.

http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/wastewater/Pages/default.aspx

Regards

There are many examples and designs for pond or lagoon pits in series, used to kill dangerous microbes via oxygenation, algae, and separation of anerobic sludge from surface aerobic layers. Once the water from the sewage has been naturally treated over a residence period of some weeks, then from the last pond, it is ready to be used as nutrient-rich irrigation water.

An area of growing concern is around the accumulation of certain contaminants not removed during traditional treatment. Pharmaceuticals, their metabolites, and even industrial waste chemicals are found in trace amounts in many wastewater effluents and can be bioaccumulated in plants that are then consumed. It is important to know what is in the water to know how it should be treated before it is reused.

Currently there are many types of wastewater treatment methods . The choise depends on several factors such as the type of the pollutants in your wastewater, cost & feseability. Forexample if the wastewater to be treated is full of organic substances ,an activated sludge process or fixed film bio processes can be used . Out of the fixed film bioprocesses so far trickling filter is found to remove a range of pollutants such as heavy metals & dyes . If properly designed and operated it can also remove 70-80 % of organic substances from organic matter rich wastewater.As you want to reuse the wastewater for agriculture toxic substances such as heavy metals & dyes will be your interest and trickling filter is proved to be effective for both of these substance so it can be an option .

Try Membrane bio-reactor (MBR) technology for water treatment.

Using natural treatment system if space is enough to remove organics, the nutrient residue is nice fertilizer for agricultrual use

need build Waster water treatment plant (WWTP), depend on what kind of waste water.

There are a lot of WWTP company, who you can ask for.

bEst

Integrated aerobic (Activated sludge process) and anaerobic system (SBR) for the effective removal of all the organic content. Ofcourse, the selection of process sequence based on the kind of waste water that your are doing. Beacuse, most of the conventional processes are not able to remove refractory organics present in the waste water. This can be achieved by effective integration of processes sequence. Even for the post treatment electro chemical oxidation are also practised. This is chemical free method. But, there is need to be selection of electrode material to treat specific waste water(Initial characteristics).

In addition to chemical pollutants and salts, most crutial are contaminations with pathogens (virus, bacteria, parasites, helminths), especially tapworm can close the cycle via cattle. Therefore you might find the appropriate treatment depending on the treatment and use of the crops at WHO.

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/index.html

Clarification is needed on the kind of waste water you are working with so that you can get an adequate answer streamlined to your direction of research. waste water needed for agriculture can be treated before use if all the necessary pollutants are removed or maintained at allowable levels. Majorly, effluent treatment plants are in use due to its sophistication as well as membrane bio- reactors. Other methods depends solely on the waste water, the pollutants and its toxicity level.

Wastewater can be treated by physical, chemical and biological technologies. Biological treatment of wastewater are cost effective and environmental friendly and can be choose according to the composition of wastewater. However, Trickling filter system is very effective in treating wastewater under varying environmental condition, organic loads, hydraulic loads and pathogenic loads. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes going on simultaneously in the same reactor. Recirculation is also possible. Two or more reactors can be connected in series.

90-95% pathogen reduction (E. Coli and fecal coliforms) and 90-98% COD and BOD removal can be obtained. The treated wastewater can be used for agricultural purposes with out any danger.

Thank you all, I enjoyed reading and learning from you.

Anaerobic digestion of animal manure and food wastes for biogas production applied in power and heat cogeneration.

There are sewage collection systems in both cities and rural areas, and wastewater is treated in different scale WWTP, using different techniques, such as MBR, CAST, biological methods or combined with ecological methods such as synthetic wetland,for agricultural use. there are new proposals to separately treat grey water or black water, recovering the nutrients in wastewater (NP) for fertilizer use, and enhancing treatment efficiency and effluent quality. Some interestingly energy saving and sustainable processes are being developed such as microbial fuel cell ,biogas and hydrogen production and the integration of these into existing process.

Hi again Chiemela,

There are many fine responses given here. However, without details regarding source, type, of wastewater and those related to its application after treatment you can not be provided with an adeqoute response. For instance MBRs are great for uncoupling metabolism and reducing sludge output - but problems with clogging etc are common and why would you wnat to REDUCE your sludge output if you NEED the sludge as a fertiliser?

Without further details one can not recommend any treatment system.

Regards.

The volume of waste water from industrial units should be calculated and then, its application has to be decided. On the basis of requirement on the specific application, the treatment options can be set. For example for agricultural application the whole waste water can be used with simple preliminary treatment options. But for industrial reuse certainly high tech options for the treatment is essential. In such case, bio filtration and biocarbon sorption technology is highly efficient.

In general, you should ask yourself a few questions:

Is it an organic or metallic wasterwater?

is the wasterwater acidic or alkaline?

is low or high pollutant concentration? etc

Then you can find out possible treatment methods such as chemical treatment, electrical treatment, membrane, ion exchange etc?

all are subject to the source and type of pollutants.

Fenton process is optim too, but you need a treatment system

I will answer you in a resumed way, because the subject requires extensive review and detailed evaluations of both the soil and the waste water.

First you need to do an efficient chemical evaluation of the waste water. After this, you need to do the physical, biochemical and biological treatments of the waste water. So, you need to do a new evaluation after treatment to know what the pollutants are present and also to do biological assays (toxicity, citotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and estrogenicity assays). If you do not have any problem (death cell, chromosome aberrations, high indices of cellular and estrogenicity alterations, etc.) with the used test organisms you make a preliminary assay with the soil that you intend to use these waste water and to evaluate the culture that you go to use the waste water.

For the collection:

I would say that the most important part is the proper design of storing facilities, as wastewater is produced constantly while the demand for irrigating water is occasional (periods of several days). This you can consult it in agronomical literature

For the treatment you need to consider:

(a) Public health protection

(b) Environmental constraints (impacts on groundwater and surface water)

(c) Agronomical needs (adding nutrients and organic matter to the soil in a proper proportion)

(d) The water demand from the actual crops (which has an impact a, b and c)

(e) Water quality demand from the agricultural perspective (salts, metals, etc…)

The problem is that for all the above mentioned aspects you have to consult DIFFERENT type of literature

I will send some papers for general use. Good luck

What do you mean by collecting, about treatment, many methods used for this purpose like chemical, physical and biological one. The natural deposits like clay and zeolite can be used as adsorbents to remove organic and inorganic wastes.

Depending on the application form, culture and especially if the applied dose does not provide exceeding limits recommended nutrient and pollutant acceptable,no treatment is required for use of wastewater as fertigation.

If the effluent doesn't pollute by toxic heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ag, etc) you can prepare a simple design to store the water for some time and the water will flow to another compartment. from this compartment you can check the water condition as per the agriculture corp require. If the characteristic of the water is ok than you can use for the purpose.

There are many ways for waste water treatment....But i think complete treatment is not required in case of agriculture use, as non-toxic fertilizers in waste water will be good in agriculture use.......

Firstly we must know the type of agriculture for which the treated water can be used if the agriculture field used in foods different than if it used as forest tree

Dear Chiemela,

As myself and several others have noted here, you can not have your question adequately answered without providing details that have been requested throughout this thread. The question also alludes to the 'collection' of wastewater - an engineering question????. Please re-evaluate your question with more specific details. As all of these answers, including my intitial anser, will only serve to provide responses based on specific influent types and effluent goals. You could read the suggested literature on waste waster treatment for the next 10 years or first provide details mentioned throughout for an appropriate response.

Regards,

David Hayes

First you need to knw the charcertistics of waste water or sources of water pollution based on that one can say exact

answer to your question

Later you can contact me, because I will publish a new method to treat wastewater. Is cheap, easy and produces a wastewater compatible with agricultural reuse.

You have not mentioned ---from where you want to collect? As treatment is concerned---it depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater. wastewater treatment technologies can physical, chemical and biological. If you want to use it for agriculture purposes--you should consider biological treatment process. Amoung biological processes, you can consider trickling filters or small constructed wet lands.

Wastewater storage facilities are the "core element" in WW reuse sytems in agriculture because there ia a gap betewwen reclaimed water supply (generally steady along the whole year) and water demand in agriculture (generally concentrated during the no rain season). Further the WW storage play an important role to increase water quality in term of pathogen reduction, an appropriate period of batch storage with a minimum of 30 days of hydraulic retention could achieve level of pathogen removal that give the chance to use reclaimed effluents also for unrestricted irrigation (WHO, 2006).

Experiences carried in South Italy (Sicily) have highlighted up to 5 log unit of reduction in WW reservoirs operating in batch condition, if you work in continuos condition you may have the control of the percentage of daily fresh effluents stored in reservoirs, that according experiences should not exceed 5% ot the total storage volume, otherwise the reservoir effluents could not meet the WHO standard for irrigation in terms of microorganisms. If you are interested I could send you some papers on this topic.

It depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of wastewater. wastewater treatment technologies can physical, chemical and biological.

Your wastewater is Industrial or domestic?

If the wastewater is domestic, the candiate technology may be application of an Onsite Wastewater Differentiable Treamtent System, in which each stream at the household level can be separated into higher load graywater (wastewater from kitchen sink and washing machines), Lowerload greywater (wastewater from bath tub or wash basin), source-separated human feces and human urine using urine diverting toilets. The human fecesa can be treated using composting process, which is aerobic procss and saw dust can be used as matrix. The treated composted can then be brought to the farmland to be used as natrual fertilizr. The Source-sepatarted human urine contains nutreints, which can be applied directly on th farmland. Howver, preliminary treament may eb required to control the ammonia loss and smell. We need huge volume of urine around 10,000 Liters to meet the crop requirements such as wheat, rice an cotton etc. Therfore, we need to transport huge volume of source-separated human urine to the farmland which may increase transportation cost ofr farmers. So we recommend to set up and onsite volume reduction system using natrual wind velocity to reduce 70-80% volume of urine at household level.Then it could be tranported from each househols to farmland, where it has to be mixed with the irrigation water (which could be treated greywater). The higher load greywater contains organic matter, therefore, it can be treated by sand filteration method or Membrance Bioreactor to stabilize organic matter. The treated wastewater can be brought to the farmland via pipe system to be supplied as irrigation water. The lowerload greywater does not contain much of the organic matter, therefore, it could be mixed with treated higher load greywater in the pipes to be brought to the farmland where it can used as irrigation water. This new approach is gaining importance world over, many case studies can be found in Switzerland (EWAG Group), Germany (Hamberg Univeristy), Japan (Hokkaido Univeristy), Sweden, Finland (TAMK Univeristy), China (Xian Univeristy of Arch and Technology) etc.

There are many treatment approaches from simple lagooning to sedimentation to high tech. The main concerns for wastewater use for agriculture reuse is microorganisms that survive. Helminths are resistant to simple treatment. Check teh WHO Guidelines for reuse. go to www.who.int

The waste water can be treated only after knowing its physico-chemical characteristics. Once known, it can be decided to treat the waste water either aerobic ally or anaerobically or both or by yet another methodology called green technology. In case the effluent contains heavy metals, it can not be used for agriculture unless otherwise the effluent is treated with plants endowed with the potential metallothioneins.

For wastewater collection --- kindly study this review paper BY:

Srinivas Vallabhaneni (2012). Wastewater Collection Systems. Water Environment Research, Volume 84 (10), 845-860. doi: 10.2175/106143012X13407275694716

WHO has several documents describing wastewater recycling for agriculture. They are freely available on line at www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater

Joe Cotruvo

Go to www.sbla.com.cy

Muhammad Pahore gave a very detailed answers. Other people also gave very good suggestions and ideas. From my point of view, you had better set up a model and this model will be closely related to your study goal. Even industrial waste water is very different, some contain high concentration acids, heavy metal ions but the others may be alkaline with sodium, K, Ca or iron ions. Home-based domestic waste water contains detergents, organic or other light concentration pollutions. So you need clear judgement for your study model and method applied.

In accordance with Chi Zhang, you may still consider Constructed Wetland method.

Biosolid of various types can be used, meat and none meal in some countries, it all depends on the risk factors and health implications, metal, pathogen, pharmaceutical content of the waste.

Wastes can also be used to grow algae for biofuels. Remember agri wastes themselves were once thought of as wastes eg slurry or dirty water. But now they are part of nutrient efficiency.

Alternatif Power, from Turkey, provides turnkey projects of biogas plant for animals manure, agriculture and food industry organic wastes, giving sustainable solution for wastes and wastewater utilization in green electrical energy.

Our technology is perfect for hot and moderate climate regions, and characterizes high rate productivity of biogas and low power consumption.

We provide also gas genset from Dresser-Rand Guascor for cogeneration or trigeneration systems.

Please visit our webpage for more information:

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email: [email protected]