Sarker, the work of Chambers and Faure (1996) on the use of a non-parametric model of technology and productivity on the basis of Luenberger's indicators of productivity and performance is a good starting point. Likewise, Chiou et al.'s (1999) work on a measurement model for technology and productivity could serve as further development in this area, among others.

The best way is by using intelligence. Either human or AI, which is machine learning. An interesting article can be found here:

https://www.industryweek.com/technology-and-iiot/article/22025683/5-ways-artificial-intelligence-can-boost-productivity

First of all, All government should focus on jobs specially to lower class people who lost their job in this pandemic by the high level artificial intelligence technology and skill mapping by e mode. Companies should digitize at least some part of their business to protect employees and serve customers facing mobility restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 crisis.

There are many factors which can promote technology further more for the enhancement of productivity:

Usage of robotics and drones to the purpose of delivery and disinfected agents in research areas.

It will promote telehealth, high speed information and communication technology which accelerates the speed of internet.

Supply chain methods for delivering the food and other items.

Virtual meetings and virtual internet protocols.

It will promote IOT devices and apps infrastructure to do establish online entertainment.

regards!

Sana Arshad

John Mendy

Thank you very much for the valuable piece of information you mentioned. I will look for the articles ASAP.

However, my concern is how to model the theoretical impacts of technology in an economic perspective.

Pieter Borger

I much appreciate your help. Artificial Intelligence and its faster adoption may result in increased productivity. However, I found it difficult to make a framework incorporating AI technology with smart production.

Khem Raj Meena

Thank you for your answer.

You mention the measures that can yield to employment generation and supply chain improvement. Artificial Intelligence can do it, however, AI has also labor effects. Many jobs, previously done by humans, may get replaced with machines. Nonetheless, AI can innovate many jobs that can positively affect employment and income. But how to model that impact is the challenge I am facing.

Sana Arshad

You mentioned the impacts of technology, especially, artificial intelligence and robotics can have on production, supply chain, and so on. However. in the post-crisis period will have a layoff, slow production, and also there will be comparatively less consumption due to reduced income. Industrial IoT (IIoT), Machne learning, neural networks can increase productivity through their functionalities.

In the post-crisis perspective, how I can model the functionality of AI or technology is what I am facing.

Thank you so much.

Regards

Sarker

John Mendy

Can you please send any links or DOIs so that I can download the articles?

I have got one. Article Productivity growth in APEC countries

But I cannot find the Chiou et al.'s (1999) work.

Thank you in advance.

I much appreciate your help. Artificial Intelligence and its faster adoption may result in increased productivity. However, I found it difficult to make a fraframework me work incorporating AI technology with smart production.

To increase productivity cannot or should not be a primary goal during/after covid19-crisis. It is worthwhile to decrease productivity by reducing working time and increasing sectors with seemingly low productivity, but increasing good life for people, especially of those who are least well-off. Unfortunately, countries seem to try to regain the pre-crises GDP without changing structures to a more environmentally sustainable and better-life development. Economists are, in general, tought to love growth, and are therefore often limited in their prosepective.

Dear Anton Rainer,

Thank you very much for the comment. You have worthfully mentioned the points for profound thinking.

Regards.

1. Use of technology to mechanize the production of food in agriculture and farming to boost production of food and vegetables.

2. Use of ICT to boost communication and networking for education, healthcare delivery, HR capacity building, research

3. Use of technology to improve forecasting demand and supply and communication along the supply chain.

Post Covid-19, information technology will be very useful in managing remote "offices" and bringing people together as meetings will mainly be online in forums like Microsoft Teams. From Now on, working from home will be the norm.

Thank you for the question SPK,

Personally I feel without touching the material or process (tangible elements) due to COVID 19...Intangible elements will control our future such as Intelligent Manufacturing, NC Control machines, Robots, and CIM, etc . for the future production enhancement.

Vadivel S M

Thank you so much for your comments.

Economic theory suggests that technological advancement will lead to future economic growth. However, In very near time, there will be reduced consumption for a while due to loss in income caused by lockdown implications. Trade-intensive manufacturing sectors of the economies are hard hit. Global output will predictively decline by 5.2% as estimated by World Bank. That's where I have focused on, to raise productivity. I believe intelligent technology will handle the future growth and will lead to economic singulaity.

Achola Mak'Owuor

Thank you for your opinion.

Yes, you are right. Technology will overcome geographical distance to virtually attend the office work. Indirectly, that progress will contribute to enhancing productivity through the institutional policy effect channel.

Kinga Jamphel

Thank you.

You have categorically highlighted the ways technology can raise productivity. To see, Total Factor Productivity is a factor of technology, policy, and institution. Therefore, to raise productivity, technology, intelligent technology, can come great handy.

1. Save on organization resources

2. Energy reduction

3. Reduce costs

4. Reduce time

5. Increase the speed of service delivery

Taher Kalantari

Thank you.

Besides, It may considerably impact the sustainability of the environment by reducing emissions and saving resources.

As I wrote earlier, productivity is not an important problem nowadays. The real problem is that firms and other institutions cannot utilize their full productiive potential because of the anti-virus restrictions. Increases of productivity will therefore rather lead to higher unemployment than improve the economic situation (without denying in some cases higher productivity could be beneficial). Therefore, at least for the next two or three years, it is better to adjust productivity (per employee) to lower demand (mainly by shorter working time, but also by improving "working climate" and in-work education) and to try to change structures towards sustainability (even if this costs efficiency in the narrow sense). What concerns the proposal to reduce costs, one should have in mind that costs are always income of somebody else. Therefore, a cost reduction will likely lead to lower income and demand (unless the economy is booming).

The Corona crisis could be a good opportunity to rethink growth (quality? speed? which sectors? etc.), but I fear we economists will never learn.

Anton Rainer

Thank you once again as you detailed the problem perspective of productivity growth.

However, after the crisis is over, there will no lockdown implications in the factories and societies, for example, New Zealand right now. As lockdown including other regulatory measures is lifted, there will be a new normal situation going all around the economy. The workers* will be back to factories. Production will resume. The demand will be growing steadily. Intelligence technology may have displacement effects on workers, as it resembles human capacity(may cause increased unemployment as you mentioned). But to cite, intelligent technology may also have complementarity effects through induced innovation in creating new industries and jobs. Thus, the net impact could be balanced and even made positive. Therefore, I would say, a human-technology collaboration as a factor of production might reshape the future production frontier.

Sarker,

Of course, I am not against increasing productivity by techn(olog)ical progress, in general. The main question is who gains from higher productivity and how? Should production be increased with or without increasing wages. If a country has already a trade surplus, should it try to increase it by outcompeting economies of other countries? Should production be increased no matter what is produced (weapons?)?

I would prefer to reduce working-time to keep growth sustainably low and give people more time for culture and education. A reduction of the working hours is, by the way, one of the best incentives for technical progress. I hope that you have taken these aspects into consideration, when speaking of "reshaping the production frontier".

Apart from that, I am skeptical that production will resume in the next one to three years. The capacity utilization will for some time below that of 2019. And it will take even longer to have all the people reemployed who lost their job because of the crisis. Young people find it much harder to enter employment. That is not the climate to induce higher demand. Of course, there are winners from the crisis, but the losers are much more.

Anton Rainer

I find your points clear and logical. Your comments help me consider a wider prospect of the scenario I intend to work with.

Thank you.

Technology is going to play a major role in the post Coronavirus pandemic more than ever before, and more so information technology which covers even developing and poor countries.

In the manufacturing, robotics or artificial intelligence is going to find a huge increase in usage or application. Microsoft is already put robotics in her editing.

Companies are going to adopt telecommuting and virtual offices and technology is going to play a critical role in providing connecting the employees. The coming of 5G and possibly 6G in future will ensure that we get faster and more effective networks.

There is going to be a lot of automation even at elevators to make us avoid us touching things communially.

Achola Mak'Owuor

Thank you for your comments.

I was wondering how the perceived effects can be fit into a model. That's a difficult job.

That's a good question

Dear Achola Mak'Owuor Ihab A. Satam Salim Hassan Sana Arshad

Can artificial intelligence reverse productivity slowdown? Happy reading!

https://www.aei.org/economics/can-artificial-intelligence-reverse-the-productivity-slowdown-my-long-read-qa-with-nicholas-crafts/