Himanshu Tiwari The rules for commercial seed production are well established and are written in various standards for different crops. These standards are strictly followed by seed-producing farmers and companies, and it takes years to fully understand them for each specific crop. Different methods - from visual evaluation of UPOV-recommended traits and microbiological/serological analysis to proteins (such as storage proteins for cereals) profiling or DNA analysis (pathogen-specific PCR, SSR, SNPs) are used to ensure the quality of seeds and their genetic purity. It is a matter of particular crop and hybrids. However, most of these methods require well-trained staff and specialized equipment to operate. Simplified methods can be useful in some particular cases.