I have exposed clams in vivo to C60 fullerene for 7 days. And I would like to measure a possible accumulation in gills and digestive gland.
If you can help me. Thanks in advance.
If the concentration is high enough (> 1 mM) Raman spectroscopy would be an option. Fullerenes have a quite distinct spectrum. Fitting the spectrum of the fullerene loaded tissue with the spectrum (or spectra) of 'clean' tissue and the spectrum of fullerene is the most straight forward approach. You may want to callibrate the method with artificially created mixtures with known concentrations. Setting up a Partial Least Squares calibration will give more accurate results but requires quite an effort to get it right and validated.
Good luck
Thanks for your reply. I will try to understand if I can do that with my samples! And if I find a lab that uses this type of spectroscopy.
Thank you! Kind regards
Hybriscan Technologies is happy to help you out, both with the instrumentation and setting up the experiment. We could provide you with a quotation if you like.
Hi Ilara, you can also check out this publication: Benny F Pycke; Troy M Benn; Paul Westerhoff; Rolf U Halden, “Strategies for quantifying C60 fullerenes in biological samples and implications for toxicological Studies”, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30:1:44-57 (2011)
There are a few other similar works by Paul Westerhoff's group. Here is a link: http://faculty.engineering.asu.edu/pwesterhoff/publications-by-topic/
Hi Ilara,
I also suggest application of UV-vis spectroscopy as a handy and powerful tool for measuring of the [60]fullerene contents in your samples. However, you should be aware of two important points:
1) very low solubility of the [60]fullerene in water may not let you to prepare appropriate standard samples needed for the calibration curve. For this reason, you probably have to extract the [60]fullerene-containing samples to another solvent, e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons. Concerning the [60]fullerene solubility in different solvents following paper could be helpful:J. Phy. Chem, 97, 1993, 3380
2) There are many possibilities for the reaction between [60]fullerene and some functional groups like amines in there any. If so, you should know in those cases the UV-vis spectra of [60]fullerene would be deeply changed by time. The following paper describes the trends of these changes.
Wen Juan Li, Wen Juan Liang. Spectrochim Acta A, 67,1346-50 (2006)
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