The second law of thermodynamics is incorrect. See figure below for details.

The energy cycle takes into account that «Life - A Complex Spontaneous Process Takes Place against the Background of Non-Spontaneous Processes Initiated by the Environment» !

See please: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319105338_Life_-_A_Complex_Spontaneous_Process_Takes_Place_against_the_Background_of_Non-Spontaneous_Processes_Initiated_by_the_Environment

1，The second law of thermodynamics is incorrect. See figure below for details.

2，The system is isothermal and exchanges heat with a large heat source to keep the temperature constant. Only volume changes are discussed.

3，The problem here is that the actual system is balanced and the second law of thermodynamics judges it to be unbalanced.

Thank you. Your statements about the second law do not correspond to my ideas.

Very important to remember!

Thermodynamic entropy is not needed to identify the direction of natural processes

G.P. Gladyshev

N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of RAS

http://endeav.net/news/112-termodinamicheskaya-entropiya-ne-nuzhna-dlya-vyyavleniya-napravleniya-prirodnykh-protsessov.html

Abstract

New results confirm the assertion that thermodynamic entropy, as a separate function, is not needed to identify spontaneous processes that occur according to the second law of thermodynamics in natural systems.

Key words: thermodynamics, entropy, second principle, hierarchies, stability, evolution.

More than 20 years have passed since the creation of the journal Entropy. In my opinion, the appearance of the journal is quite justified, if only because many problems of science are now identified that are associated with modern concepts of diverse ideas about entropy. In addition, misunderstandings related to the fact that science has become a mass phenomenon and many non-professional researchers, amateurs, and visionaries appear among scientists have been identified. This is especially manifested in thermodynamics - area of knowledge that require profound professionalism.

"Entropy" journal was founded by Dr. Shu-Kun Lin, who decided to publish all the works concerning all the various ideas about entropy, often related only to the term itself, but not its physical meaning. So, it was supposed to publish the ideas of I. R. Prigogine on the production of entropy in systems far from equilibrium, when “entropy” is a kinetic function, since it does not have a full differential. Dr. After 20 years of hard work, Shu-Kun concluded that Prigogine’s theory of said entropy “does not conform with the second law of thermodynamics”.

At that time, I often spoke with the Editor-in-Chief of the new journal and shared his point of view in publishing in the journal research using various ideas about entropy. Although I relied in my publications only on the concepts of classical thermodynamic entropy in accordance with the works of Rudolf Clausius, J. W. Gibbs, K. Denbigh, F. Daniels, R. Alberty and other classics.

The purpose of this brief note is to once again draw the attention of researchers to the inappropriateness of using the concept of thermodynamic entropy to identify the direction of spontaneous processes in natural systems that proceed in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics and can be a subject of experimental researches.

Currently, new publications have appeared that draw attention to the fact that a change in the thermodynamic entropy does not determine the direction of spontaneous processes in real natural biological systems, which are close to equilibrium quasi-equilibrium systems.

All equilibrium and close to equilibrium systems can be characterized by state functions, including entropy. At the same time, these systems are not simple isolated systems. The ideas about the production of entropy by L. Boltzmann, E. Schrödinger, I. Prigogine allow us only to assert an increase in the entropy of the Universe and cannot be experimentally verified. In these cases, entropy cannot determine the direction of spontaneous processes in real systems. The increase in the entropy of L. Boltzmann is applicable to identify the direction of spontaneous processes only to simple isolated systems, the internal energy of which is constant and in which no work is performed, other than the work of expansion.

The direction of spontaneous natural processes close to equilibrium is determined by the Gibbs free energy, which tends to a minimum. Hierarchical thermodynamics, created on the basis of the extended Gibbs theory, is the physical foundation of extended Darwinism, applicable to the evolution of all hierarchies of the universe. The evolutionary thermodynamic theory of “hierarchically multidirectional forces” is based on the principle of substance stability and does not need to be understood about entropy as a function that reveals the direction of spontaneous processes in nature.

Conclusion

The concept of the entropy of natural systems far from equilibrium, as well as the concept of the production of entropy of natural systems close to equilibrium, as a separate parameter striving for an extreme value, should not be used to identify the direction of spontaneous processes in the study of natural phenomena.

References

1. Shu-Kun Lin. Molecular Diversity Preservation International Entropy 1999, 1(1), 1.

2. Gladyshev G.P. On General Physical Principles of Biological Evolution, International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences. 2017, Volume 5, Issue 3, Page No: 5-10.

https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijrsb/v5-i3/2.pdf

3. Georgi Gladyshev, Hierarchical Thermodynamics: Foundation of Extended Darwinism. "Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), 2017

4. Hierarchical thermodynamics

https://en.everybodywiki.com/Hierarchical_thermodynamics

5. Gladyshev G.P. The time has come to revive and develop the classics: hierarchical thermodynamics and life, Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science, №26/2019, Vol. 2, pp. 15-20. ISSN 3453-9875

6. Spyros G Tzafestas. Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaptation, and Self-organization: The Fundamental Elements of Life and Society. Springer International Publishing, Jan 29, 2019 -Technology & Engineering

7. Life - A Complex Spontaneous Process Takes Place against the Background of Non-Spontaneous Processes Initiated by the Environment https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/life--a-complex-spontaneous-process-takes-place-against-the-background-of-nonspontaneous-processes-initiated-by-the-environment-2157-7544-1000188.pdf