Some papers mention that GO inks in the range of 2–3 vol% are “printable” for DIW. However, in my trials, this concentration range appears too viscous, leading to frequent nozzle clogging. On the other hand, reducing the concentration makes the ink too fluid, making it difficult to maintain shape during DIW printing.

I would like to hear from experts in this field:

• Is this concentration range theoretically suitable for DIW, but in practical applications, it requires additional tuning?
• Have you encountered similar issues with GO inks?
• Without additives (such as viscosity modifiers or stabilizers), is it realistically feasible to achieve stable DIW printing?
• If additives are necessary, what types would be most effective (e.g., biopolymers, rheology modifiers)?

Any insights or shared experiences would be greatly appreciated!