In general, post-marketing safety / effectiveness studies (for drugs and/or medical devices) do not appear to be undertaken systematically or promptly. Even when regulators specifically require the license holders to do them, the evidence is that they are often done slowly or not at all & if done, the results are exceedingly hard to find. Some systematic & timely methods of surveillance are needed, especially as regulatory evaluation times shorten & surrogate outcomes are used - how? - whose responsibility?