What are the reasons for the failure of the indicated pier of the bridge? What is the expected type of load that led to this damage? Design errors or the approved specifications did not cover this type of failure is avoided? Was the failure less severe if two circular piers were used instead?what is the possible method to be adopted to repair this damage?
Yes, I think the reason is no enough stirrupsas Khaled said.
The Fig exhibits a global buckling of longitudinal reinforcements due to failure of stirrups. Then, they do not contribute to axial resistance, leading to a typical failure of concrete under axial loading.
Thank you ,Khaled Megahed and Djamel Boutgouga .But don't you think that using conventional stirrups may be less effective to prevent such failure because of the large dimensions?
The density of the stirrups go to axial strength in a manner related to Euler buckling. The diameter/strength of the stirrups goes to the stirrups failing. Larger dimensions of the concrete member makes it easier to get the right rebar than larger aspect ratios or slender columns.
You can find good information in the following book: https://www.amazon.com/Analysis-Design-Cable-Stayed-Bridge/dp/3847303899
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