Erwinia billingiae was found in association with trees (Mergaert J, Hauben L, Cnockaert MC, Swings J. Reclassification of non-pigmented Erwinia herbicola strains from trees as Erwinia billingiae sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 1999 Apr 1;49(2):377-83. Palacio-Bielsa A, Roselló M, Llop P, López MM. Erwinia spp. from pome fruit trees: similarities and differences among pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Trees. 2012 Feb 1;26(1):13-29 ), known as close relative of E. amylovora & E. pyrifoliae. (Kube M, Migdoll AM, Gehring I, Heitmann K, Mayer Y, Kuhl H, Knaust F, Geider K, Reinhardt R. Genome comparison of the epiphytic bacteria Erwinia billingiae and E. tasmaniensis with the pear pathogen E. pyrifoliae. BMC genomics. 2010 Dec;11(1):393.) and emerging human pathogen (Prod'homme M, Micol LA, Weitsch S, Gassend JL, Martinet O, Bellini C. Cutaneous infection and bactaeremia caused by Erwinia billingiae: a case report. New microbes and new infections. 2017 Sep 1;19:134-6. )
Is were any reports about plant pathogenic Erwinia billingiae associated with wet wood disease?
It is pathogen not saprophyte, and it is endophytes as plants their host ?
I have one Erwinia isolate and that isolate is endophyte, non-pathogenic, and gram-negative.
Thank everybody for opinions! Results of birch young trees inoculation showed that Erwinia billingiae is a weak pathogen, but joint infection of Erwinia+Pseudomonas was 4 folds more aggressive comparing to Pseudomonas alone.
@Alex: your last statement is interesting. I found that co-inoculation of parsley leaves with Erwinia persicina and Pseudomonas syringae causes significantly more necrotic lesions on the leaves than with P. syringae alone. E. persicina alone was not virulent, although commonly isolated from parsley leaves. We do not yet know much about such interactions of several bacterial species, I guess. Diagnosis focus is mostly on a single species!
Jan Nechwatal My first experiment in bacteriology at 1988 was devoted to interaction between Erwinia carotovorum and Xanthomonas campestris in vitro :) Combied infection of olives by "non-pathogenic" Erwinia toletana and P. savastanoi lead to higher disease development compering to P. savastanoi alone. It was suggested that E. toletana secrete QS N–acyl homoserine lactones accepted by Pseudomonas. Hosni T., et al. ISME J. 2011. V. 5. Р. 1857- 1870. In our work and in work of Lang J., Faure D. Front Plant Sci. 2014. V5. P.14., E. toletana as associated with Agrobacterium spp.
Jan Nechwatal Jan, in our experiments Erwinia persicina and Pectobacterium brasiliense causes significantly more soft rot on potato tubers than Pectobacterium brasiliense alone.
That's interesting. Thank you for the info, @Alex Ignatov. There seems to be something about E. persicina... Did you also perform tests with E. persicina alone? Was it virulent?
Very impressive progress in spreading Erwinia persicina on new host plants:
Orel DC. Erwinia persicina as the new causal agent of lettuce soft rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2020 Sep;158(1):223-35.
Yan JJ, Lin ZY, Wang RQ, Liu F, Tong ZJ, Jiang YJ, Mukhtar I, Xie BG. First Report of Erwinia persicina Causing Pink Disease in Flammulina velutipes (Enoki Mushroom) in China. Plant Disease. 2019 May 16;103(5):1014-.
Li L, Li HL, Shi YX, Chai AL, Xie XW, Li BJ. First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Cucurbita pepo Caused by Erwinia persicina in China. Plant Disease. 2021 Apr 7:PDIS-06.
Cho H, Park JY, Kim YK, Sohn SH, Park DS, Kwon YS, Kim CW, Back CG. Whole-genome sequence of Erwinia persicina b64, which causes pink soft rot in onions. Microbiology resource announcements. 2019 Jan 3;8(1):e01302-18.
Kawaguchi A, Abe D, Saito T, Nogata Y, Nomiyama K, Kohyama N, Takahashi A, Yoshioka T, Ishikawa N, Tomioka K. Pink seed of barley caused by Erwinia persicina. Journal of General Plant Pathology. 2021 Mar;87(2):106-9.
1) Vande Woestyne M, Bruyneel B, Mergeay M, Verstraete W. The Fe Chelator Proferrorosamine A Is Essential for the Siderophore-Mediated Uptake of Iron by Pseudomonas roseus fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Apr;57(4):949-54. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.4.949-954.1991.
2) Feistner GJ, Mavridis A, Rudolph K. Proferrorosamines and phytopathogenicity in Erwinia spp. Biometals. 1997 Mar;10(1):1-0.
Proferrorosamine A (pFR A) of the plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia rhapontici was shown to inhibit growth of wheat and cress seedlings at the > or = 10 ppm level. When the seeds were continuously exposed to 100 ppm pFR A, the germination of cress and wheat seeds was inhibited up to 90% and 80%, respectively. The inhibition could be reversed through addition of equimolar amounts of ferrous iron, which indicates that the strong iron chelating capability of pFR A is responsible for the observed effect. The Fe(II) in the corresponding iron complex, ferrorosamine A, was found to be remarkably resistant towards oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and therefore redox-cycling in the Haber-Weiss cycle. It is thus conceivable that pFR A may also attenuate the generation of reactive hydroxyl radicals during the resistant and would reaction. The apparent correlation between proferrorosamine production and virulence in erwiniae was further corroborated through the analysis of Erwinia persicinus, a newly described species. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, E. persicinus was shown to produce pFR A and pFR B, and preliminary evidence for the phytopathogenicity of E. persicinus was found in cress. Inhibition of wheat seedlings by E. persicinus could not be demonstrated, but this may be due to technical difficulties or different host specificities. Taken together, our results indicate that the phytopathogenicity of E. rhapontici and E. persicinus may, as least in part, be due to the release of proferrorosamines.
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