The three spatial dimensions (x, y and z) of spacetime can be physically demonstrated. However, what about the time dimension? Mathematically, time is a fundamental part of spacetime.
ds2 = c2dt2 – dx2– dy2 – dz2
However, physically where does the time dimension reside? The physical constants (c, G and ħ) all incorporate time. This is not just time in the abstract. Gravity and relative motion affect the local rate of time. On an absolute scale, these constants (c, G and ħ) require coordination with the local rate of time. How do you visualize the time component of spacetime?
This is a discussion question, so I will give my answer to start the discussion. John Archibald Wheeler proposed the uncertainty principle and vacuum zero-point-energy requires that on the scale of Planck length, spacetime must be oscillating at Planck frequency. He designated this “quantum foam”. This oscillation (internal clock) would give every volume of spacetime its intrinsic time dimension. This oscillating spacetime model of the universe ultimately generates a fundamental particle’s gravity and electrical charge.
Preprint Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe