I have attend a few PhD VIVA VOCE and I hear Panelists asking about the researcher's positionality. Many times, the candidates positionality is contrasted with the philosophy behind his/her study in terms of epistemology and ontology.
It's more likely the other way around: one's positionality may affect one's epistemological and ontological leanings or commitments. However, I think Karl Mannheim's distinction between particular and total ideologies (vide his classic Ideology and Utopia) is useful for analysing and characterizing positionality, since what people say and expressly believe is often at odds with their behavior and social function.
Yes, epistemology and ontology significantly influence one's positionality, particularly in how individuals understand and interpret the world around them.
Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge—how we know what we know. It encompasses beliefs about the nature of knowledge, the sources from which it is derived, and the methods used to obtain it. Your epistemological stance can shape your positionality by determining how you perceive truth, validity, and evidence. For instance:If you adopt a positivist epistemology, valuing objective, empirical data, your positionality might lean toward scientific rationalism, impacting how you engage with others who may rely on subjective or experiential forms of knowledge. Alternatively, a constructivist epistemology, which emphasizes that knowledge is constructed through social processes and interactions, may lead to a positionality that values diverse perspectives and collaborative learning.
Ontology deals with the nature of being and reality—what exists and what it means to exist. Your ontological beliefs can also influence your positionality by framing your understanding of social realities, identities, and relationships. For example:A materialist ontology, which posits that only physical entities are real, might affect how you view social constructs, potentially leading to a more deterministic view of human behavior. In contrast, an idealistic ontology, which prioritizes ideas and consciousness, may encourage a more fluid understanding of identity and reality, leading to a positionality that embraces change and subjectivity.
Positionality itself encompasses your social location—such as your race, gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural background—and how these factors interact with your epistemological and ontological beliefs. For example, an individual's experience as a marginalized person may shape their understanding of knowledge and reality differently than someone in a position of privilege, influencing their positionality in discussions about social justice.
In summary, epistemology and ontology are foundational to how individuals position themselves in relation to knowledge and reality, shaping their perspectives, interactions, and interpretations of the world.