Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) work by generating ultrasonic waves in a test object using electromagnetic induction. Here's how EMATs work on lead or other electrically conductive objects:
1. Create eddy currentsAn EMAT consists of a magnet and an electrical coil. When an alternating current passes through the coil, it creates eddy currents in the surface layer of the metal.
2. Apply a static magnetic fieldThe static magnetic field exerts a force on the eddy currents.
3. Oscillate particlesThe oscillating force causes the particles of the component to oscillate, generating an acoustic wave.
4. Transfer disturbance to the materialThe disturbance is transferred to the lattice of the material, producing an elastic wave.
EMATs can generate various types of waves, including shear waves with horizontal polarization (SH waves). They are the only practical way to generate these waves. EMATs are advantageous over piezoelectric transducers because they don't load the surface of the object being monitored. This eliminates problems with reverberation processes.