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Dear Hossam
The climate of Egypt is influenced by large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic– West Russia index. In addition, Hafez and Almazroui (2016) found that southerly movement of the eastern African inter tropical convergence zone heavily affects Egypt climate and often leads to a climate extreme. I don't have any references regarding the effect of El Niño on Egypt. This information are also provided in my paper published at Theoretical and Applied Climatology journal paper as in the link below.
Article Unidirectional trends in annual and seasonal climate and ext...
Thank You.
Thanks a lot Dr. Mohamed, appreciate your useful answer.
Please send the research of Hafez and Almazroui (2016) to me if you have it.
Many thanks,
Hossam Ismael
The warm El Nino current flowed east across the Pacific Ocean and could pass through the Panama gateway until the North and South Americas closed that gateway about 2.8-2.4 Ma B.P. Now it only directly effects the west coasts of the Americas. Earlier, it would have followed the course of the present-day Gulf Stream. Whether it affected more southerly areas of western Europe would have depended on its strength and the climate at the time. To have a direct effect on Egypt, iy would have had to pass through the Gibraltar gateway which was not always open. Even the, it would have depended on the geometry of the Mediterranean Sea and the seas at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. As you will know, that region is ina tectonic belt and the seas there have been diminishing during the last few million years.
Stuart.
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