I am researching on how to improve/ support the mobile application development by creating a tools at the middle to the computer server. Please help me to clearly understand different components that could be used there.
There are many tools aiming to support the back-end needs of mobile applications in the market. You may wish to check Parse, Firebase and Wakanda as examples.
One of the most straightforward solution is to build php webservice that extract required data in JSON from the database (if you use linux as a webserver). There are plenty of tutorials all over web, my suggestion is to check andoidhive website.