A philosophical question here: How can action researchers claim they made a certain impact? In other words, how can a researcher claim that it is because of his/her own action that a certain organisation/community/classroom, changed? (my quick answer would be: with data. But I could argue that this is hard to prove).

Do you know of any work discussing it?

A similar question could be, how can researchers performing participant observations claim they did not make any impact?

Hope you can help,

Thanks in advance!

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