In the USA and Europe, an approach has been in play economically and socially for several decades--leading to many part-time positions even for untrained professionals who replace teaching staff. This has led many Americans and Europeans to emigrate in search of more stable and respectable teaching climates. As well, testing companies and new-types of educational institutions (including on line classes) seem to soak monies from one place in an institution to others (even as administrators or board members may learn more and more.)