The three primary macronutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—play critical roles in sugarcane's physiological and biochemical processes. Nitrogen is essential for chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, directly influencing leaf development, tillering, and overall vegetative growth, while also serving as a key component of amino acids and proteins that drive enzymatic reactions throughout the plant. Phosphorus functions as a vital component of ATP, DNA, and RNA, facilitating energy transfer processes, root development, and sugar metabolism, particularly in the conversion and translocation of sucrose from leaves to stalks. Potassium acts as a crucial enzyme activator and osmoregulator, controlling stomatal function, water balance, and sugar transport mechanisms while enhancing the plant's resistance to diseases and lodging. The balanced availability of these macronutrients determines the efficiency of photosynthetic carbon fixation, sucrose synthesis and accumulation, internodal elongation, and ultimately the sugar yield and quality of the harvested cane. Deficiencies in any of these nutrients can severely impair biochemical pathways, leading to reduced tillering, poor sugar concentration, delayed maturity, and compromised overall productivity of the sugarcane crop.