A current demand exists for an accepted tax management measure. Previous research has generally used effective tax rate (ETR) (e.g., Slemrod 2004; Dyreng et al., 2008; Armstrong et al., 2015); cash effective tax rate (CETR) (e.g., Dyreng et al., 2010), total book tax differences (BTD) (e.g., Wilson, 2009) and discretionary BTD (e.g., Desai et al., 2006 and Desai and Dharmapala 2006). Desai et al. (2006) have modeled a measure of tax management and test it in the American context (a context of disconnection between accounting norms and tax rules).This measure can be applied in contexts where it exists connection?
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