The answer to this question can be different according to what is known about the radionuclide(s) present in the sample, the two extreme situations being "nothing is known about the mixture of radionuclides" or "a single known radionuclide is present".

High-resolution gamma spectrometry (with high-purity Ge) is the nest choice for the identification of unknown gamma emitters and the measurement of their activity. The sample preparation is simple: putting the sample in a given geometry with an approximately given density (the geometry and density of the calibrated reference). Using a simulation software, the constraint on density and geometry can become "a known geometry and density". Radionuclides decaying by electron capture, and those undergoing internal conversion, can often be measured by their X-ray emission.

Alpha spectrometry (often with Si detector) is the best choice for identification and activity measurement of pure alpha emitters , but it needs a more complex sample preparation as a thin deposit, generally by electrodeposition, and a delicate determination of the deposition yield.

The most complex problem is the identification of pure beta emitters, because their continuous spectrum does not allow a spectrometric identification. A chemical separation of the possible elements must be performed before going to the activity measurement with a beta counter.

Proportional counters and scintillation counters have low-resolution capability and are used when a single known radionuclide is present , e.g. a radiotracer. They may be used to measure simultaneously a few known radionuclides in a simple mixture. A few spectrometric windows are defined, and the calibration allows to determine the response matrix, i.e. the matrix connecting the vector of counts to the vector of activities. PC are adequate for beta and alpha counting, whereas NaI detectors are the most used as a gamma counter. Liquid scintillation is particularly appropriate for pure beta emitters, and can also be useful for alpha emitters. The preparation of the sample is specific for each technique.

Unfolding a good quality spectrum obtained with a low-resolution system can strongly increase its identification capability, but without reaching the performances of high-resolution systems.

I agree with Tondeur, GOOD REPLY

I agree with François Tondeur

I agree with François Tondeur

I agree with Tondeur, Best regards

I agree with François Tondeur

If you speak about the the concentration of these isotopes . Instrumental neutron activation analysis the best radioanalytical techniques for measuring the elemental content in different environmental media

I agree

i agree

I Agree with Francois

Thank you so much for your information and comments.

Dear/ Dr. Alsalihi

you can find more informations in my published chapter at:

https://www.intechopen.com/books/radon/radon-monitoring-in-the-environment

Or in the following attachment

with my best regards and kindest wishes

Abd Elmoniem Ahmed Elzain

Thanks in advance for sending your valuable book.

Regards

Neutron activation analysis (NAA),and other nuclear analytical techniques

Helpful answer of François.

Gamma Spectrometry, Alpha Spectrometry and LSC - Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry.

Thank you so much for your useful information that mentioned in your answers.

I am agree with Dr. Abd Elmoniem Ahmed Elzain

you can find more informations in my published chapter at: https://www.intechopen.com/books/radon/radon-monitoring-in-the-e​n​v​i​r​