Methods Study Design The present study included 61 children with EV71 neurological disease (age range, 0-16 years) managed through The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network during an outbreak between January 1, and June 30, 2013. The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee approved the study. Verbal informed consent was obtained from parents or carers. Inclusion criteria were clinical diagnosis of encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, acute flaccid paralysis, or brainstem encephalitis, with confirmed enterovirus infection. The latter required isolation of enterovirus with standard nucleic acid amplification from multiple sites during acute presentation. Enterovirus 71 typing was undertaken in a subset of cases.