I am a PhD student from VNIT, Nagpur and I am working on rare earth containing glasses. I want suggestions for the calculation of Judd-Ofelt parameters.
Dear Sudhirkumar,
Attached please find the original two papers independently submitted by G. S. OFELT and B. R. JUDD in 1962. These papers are the origin of the Judd-Ofelt (J-O) theory that describes the electric-dipole transitions between the energy levels of 4fN configurations of the lanthanides.
To help you find the method of Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters calculation, I suggest a more recent paper, submitted by S. Xu et al. where the method is described in the section Results and discussion.
Kind regards,
Dear Sudhirkumar,
Generally, the three JO intensity parameters Ωt (t= 2, 4, 6), are determined empirically from the room temperature absorption spectrum by minimizing the differences between the calculated and the experimental transition oscillator strengths of excited multiplets by standard least-squares or chi-square fit.
I attach you these slides, I hope that they can help you!
Best wishes,
Roberta
Dear Sudhirkumar
I am a PhD student in UTM, I am working on samarium doped with tellurite glasses embedded with NPs, I have the same problem for calculating J-O intensity parameter, Sed, Smd, Aed, Amd..., so can you help me in solving my problem especially how can you calculated the Smd, thank you.
The following (Judd-Ofelt Theory: Principles and Practices) I hope it helps you to solve your problem:
Judd-Ofelt Theory: Principles and Practices
1. Judd-Ofelt Theory: Principles and Practices Brian M. Walsh NASA Langley Research Center National Aeronautics and Erice, Italy (June 2005) Space Administration
2. Part I: Principles What is the Judd-Ofelt Theory? Based on static, free-ion and single configuration approximations: • static model - Central ion is affected by the surrounding host ions via a ‘static’ electric field. • free ion model - Host environment treated as a perturbation on the free ion Hamiltonian. • single configuration model - Interaction of electrons between configurations are neglected. The Judd-Ofelt theory describes the intensities of 4f electrons in solids and solutions. The remarkable success of this theory provides a sobering testament to simple approximations. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
3. Distribution of Citations by Year 200 B.R. Judd, Phys. Rev. 127, 750 (1962). G.S. Ofelt, J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511 (1962). 150 ~ 2000 citations (1962-2004) Number of citations 100 50 0 62 72 82 92 02 Year National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
4. Referenced in 169 Journal Titles Top 20 Titles # of citations PHYSICAL REVIEW B 127 JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 108 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 90 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 83 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 81 JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 77 JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER 58 MOLECULAR PHYSICS 57 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 48 OPTICAL MATERIALS 43 JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B 38 JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS 35 PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH 33 OPTIKA I SPEKTROSKOPIYA 30 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 27 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF GLASSES 27 OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 26 SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A 26 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 24 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 19 National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
5. Prelude “Lanthanum has only one oxidation state, the +3 state. With few exceptions, this tells the whole boring story about the other 14 lanthanides.” G.C. Pimentel & R.D. Sprately, quot;Understanding Chemistryquot;, Holden-Day, 1971, p. 862 http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/LanthAct/I1.html ( some amusing mnemonics for the Lanthanides and Actinides) So much for ‘Understanding Chemistry’… Let’s do some physics! National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
6. Ions in Solids Solids • insulators (not semiconductors) • bandgaps are > 5ev (VUV photon) • produce a crystal field Ions • replace host ions substitutionally • transition metal and lanthanide series • unfilled electronic shells • Stark splitting from crystal field • optical transitions occur within bandgap Examples • Nd:Y3Al5O12 - Er:fiber - Cr:Al2O3 (Ruby) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
7. Atomic Structure of Laser Ions National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
8. Atomic Interactions 4f 95d Hc >> Hso (LS-coupling) Hc Hc , Hso >Vo (Electric field of host) Hund’s Rules*: F. Hund, Z. Phys. 33, 345 (1925) 1.) Lowest state has maximum 2S+1 2.) Of these, that with largest L will be lowest 3.) Shells < 1/2 full (smallest J is lowest), Shells > 1/2 full (largest J is lowest) *These rules apply only to the ground state, not to excited states. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
9. Transitions and Selection Rules • Not all transitions between atomic states that are energetically feasible are quot;allowed”. • Forbidden transitions are “forbidden*” to first order, which means they may occur in practice, but with low probabilities. • Selection rules for transitions depend on type of transition – Electric dipole (E1) – Electric quadrupole (E2) – Magnetic dipole (M1) • Wavefunctions must have correct parity (Laporte’s rule) • Symmetry plays a role in selection rules – Vibronics, crystal field, other perturbing effects. * This nomenclature is historically embedded, although not entirely accurate. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
10. Multipole Selection Rules ! ! Electric dipole operator (E1) P = quot;e! ri (odd operator) i ! equot; ! ! Magnetic dipole operator (M1) M =quot; ! I i + 2si 2mc i (even operator) ! ! ! ! 1 Q = $ ! k # ri quot;ri 2 i ( ) Quadrupole operator (E2) (even operator) S L J (No 0 ↔ 0) Parity Electric Dipole ΔS = 0 ΔL= 0, ±1 ΔJ = 0, ±1 opposite Magnetic dipole ΔS = 0 ΔL= 0 ΔJ = 0, ±1 same Electric quadrupole ΔS = 0 ΔL = 0, ±1, ±2 ΔJ = 0, ±1, ±2 opposite National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
11. A Brief History of Parity Otto Laporte (1902-1971) empirically discovered the law of parity conservation in physics. He divided states of the iron spectrum into two classes, even and odd, and found that no radiative transitions occurred between like states: O.Laporte, Z. Physik 23 135 (1924). Eugene Paul Wigner (1902-1995) explicitly formulated the law of parity conservation and showed that Laporte’s rule is a consequence of the invariance of systems under spatial reflection. E. P. Wigner, “Gruppentheorie und Ihre Anwendung auf die Quantenmechanik der Atomspektren”. Braunschweig:F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1931. English translation by J. J. Griffin. New York: Academic Press, 1959. Wavefunctions are classified as even (+1 parity) or odd (-1 parity). By convention, the parity of a photon is given by the radiation field involved: ED ( -1), MD (+1). For mathematical reasons, the parity of any system is the product of parities of the individual components. If the initial and final wavefunction have same parity (±1): ED: ±1 = (-1)(±1) Parity is NOT conserved. Transition is forbidden! MD: ±1 = (+1)(±1) Parity IS conserved. Transition is allowed! Laporte Rule: States with even parity can be connected by ED transitions only with states of odd parity, and odd states only with even ones. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
12. Parity Selection Rules ED allowed ED forbidden MD forbidden MD allowed EQ forbidden EQ allowed s → p s → s p → d d → d d → f p → p f → g f → f s → f g → g p → g Orbital s p d f g Angular momentum ! 0 1 2 3 4 !- odd # electrons ! = ( quot;1)# i ! even odd even odd even !- even # electrons i odd even odd even odd National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
13. Historical Perspective I • J.H. Van Vleck - J. Phys. Chem. 41, 67-80 (1937) (The Puzzle of Rare-Earth Spectra in Solids) – Why are spectral lines in rare earths observable? – Electric dipole(E1), magnetic dipole(M1), quadrupole(E2)? – Concludes a combination is possible. – Suggests that crystal field makes mixed parity states (E1). • L.J.F. Broer, et al., - Physica XI, 231- 250 (1945) (On the Intensities and the multipole character in the spectra of the rare earth ions) – Considers all mechanisms. – Concludes quadrupole radiation is too weak. – Considers magnetic dipole , but as a special case only. – ED transitions dominate as suggested by Van Vleck! National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
14. Historical Perspective II • G. Racah - Phys. Rev. 76, 1352 (1949) (Theory of Complex Spectra IV) – Applies group theory to problems of complex spectra – Creates the tools required to make detailed spectroscopic calculations involving states of the 4f shell. – Revolutionizes the entire subject of rare earth spectroscopy. • Subsequent developments – Racah’s methods applied to crystal field theory. – Ideas of Racah applied to transition metal ions (Griffiths). – Practical calculations assisted by computer generated tables of angular momentum coupling coefficients. • By 1962 the stage was set for the next major development: The Judd-Ofelt theory of the intensities of RE transitions. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
15. The Stage is Set “I suggest that the coincidence of discovery was indicative that the time was right for the solution of the problem.” Brian G. Wybourne “The fascination of rare earths - then, now and in the future” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 380, 96-100 (2004) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
16. Judd and Ofelt Publish (1962) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
17. States of an Ion in the Crystal The Crystal field, V, is considered as a first order perturbation that ‘admixes’ in higher energy opposite parity configurations: } quot;a V quot;# ! a = quot;a + % quot;# # Ea $ E# Mixed Parity quot;# V quot;b States ! b = quot;b + % quot;# # Eb $ E# ! ! ! ( +a V +* quot; + * P +b + a P + * + * V +b % quot; ,a P,b = !' + $ * quot; & Ea ) E * Eb ) E* quot; # φa and φb have the same parity (4f N states) φβ has opposite parity (4f N-15d states) V is the crystal field (treated as a perturbation) ! P is the electric dipole operator National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
18. Tensor Forms of Operators Racah defined irreducible tensors, C(k), which transform as spherical harmonics, having the components: quot; 4! % 1/2 Cq ) (k =$ # 2k + 1 ' Ykq & The position vector r is a tensor of rank 1, defined as r = rC (1) Dipole Operator Crystal Field ! ! Standard Form P = quot;e! ri V = ! ! Akq ri kYkq (quot; i , # i ) i i kq Dq = !equot; ri #Cq % D p ) = ! Atp ! rit quot;C p ) $ (1) (1) (t (t Tensor Form $ & i # % i i tp i Note: t is odd since only odd order terms contribute to parity mixing. Even order terms are responsible for energy level splitting. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
19. J-O Theory Assumptions 1&2 1.) The states of φβ are completely degenerate in J. Assume an average energy for the excited configuration above the 4fN, that is, the 4f N-15d. 2.) The energy denominators are equal ( Ea-Eβ = Eb-Eβ ) Assume that the difference of average energies, ΔE(4f-5d), is the same as the difference between the average energy of the 4f N-15d and the energy of the initial and final states of the 4fN These assumptions are only moderately met, but offer a great simplification. Otherwise, the many fold sum of perturbation expansions is not suitable for numerical applications. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
20. 4f and 4f N N-15d configurations 35 4fn configuration 30 4fn-15d1 configuration 25 Energy(×104cm-1) 20 Lanthanides in YLF: K. Ogasawara et al., 15 J. Solid State Chem. vol. 178, 412 (2005 10 5 0 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Atomic Number & Symbol National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
21. Advantages of the Assumptions I.) Energy denominators can be removed from the summations II.) Closure can be used ( the excited configuration forms a complete orthonormal set of basis functions) #! quot; !quot; = 1 quot; III.) Angular parts of the electric dipole operator and crystal field Cq = ! C (1) !! U q (1) (1) and C p ) = ! C (t ) !! U p ) (t (t can be combined into an effective tensor operator %t 1 quot; ( + t 1 quot; . (quot; ) U U (1) (t ) = # (!1) 1+t + quot; +Q (2 quot; + 1) & )- 0 UQ ' ! ! !$ * , p q Q / q p quot;Q The 3j symbol ( ) is related to the coupling probability for two angular momenta. The 6j symbol { } is related to the coupling probability for three angular momenta. The Wigner 3-j and 6-j symbols are related to Clebsch-Gordon coupling coefficients. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
22. Reduced Matrix Elements Nevertheless, combining the tensors for the electric dipole and crystal field terms in a combined tensor operator, UQ! ) , ( can be simplified further by the Wigner-Eckart Theorem: Geometry Physics (transformations) (Dynamics) % J quot; J# ( N f N! JM UQquot; ) f N! # J #M # = ($1)J $ M ' ( f ! J U ( quot; ) f N! # J # & $M Q M #* ) The matrix elements on the right side have been tabulated: “Spectroscopic Coefficients of the p N, d N, and f N Configurations,” C.W. Nielson and G.F. Koster, M.I.T Press, Cambridge, MA (1963). The 3-j and 6-j symbols have also been tabulated: “The 3-j and 6-j symbols,” M. Rotenberg, R, Bivens, N. Metropolis, J.K. Wooten Jr., Technology Press, M.I.T, Cambridge, MA (1959). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
23. “Full Judd-Ofelt Theory” ! 1 * * J( $ () 1)J )M )Q (2* + 1)AtpY (t , * )' t $' J , a P , b = )e!! % %q Q quot;% quot; + a U ( * ) +b tp *Q & p quot;% ) M #& Q M (quot; # n! r nquot;!quot; nquot;!quot; r t n! &1 t ! ) Where, Y (t, ! ) = 2% ! C (1) !quot; !quot; C (t ) ! ' * n! Ea # E$ ( ! !quot; ! + This is the “Full Solution” of the Judd-Ofelt Theory. This form can be used to find electric dipole matrix elements between mixed parity states for individual Stark level to Stark level transitions. Application of “Full Judd-Ofelt Theory”: R.P. Leavitt and C.A. Morrison, “Crystal-field Analysis of triply Ionized lanthanum trifluoride. II. Intensity Calculations.” Journal Of Chemical Physics, 73, 749-757 (1980). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
24. J-O Theory Assumptions 3&4 Oscillator strength (f-number) for electric dipole transition: 2 8+ mc 2 (n + 2% 2 ! ! 2 f = n& & 3n ## )JM P ) quot;J quot;M quot; 3quot;* (2 J + 1)e 2 ' $ L.J.F. Broer, et al., - Physica XI, 231- 250 (1945) 3.) Sum over Stark split J-levels (Assumes all Stark levels equally populated) $ J ! Jquot; ' $ J !quot; J quot; ' 1 *& Q M quot; ) & #M = + + Qquot; M quot; ) 2 ! + 1 !! quot; QQ quot; M = -J, -(J-1), …, 0, …, (J-1), J MM quot; % #M (% ( 4.) Sum over dipole orientations (Assumes optically isotropic situation) quot;1 ! t % quot;1 ! t) % 1 ($ q Q p' $ q Q = * * p) ' 2t + 1 tt ) pp ) Q = 0 (π-polarized, E ⊥ c) Q # &# & Q = ±1 (σ-polarized, E || c) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
25. “Approximate Judd-Ofelt Theory” 2 2 8! mc 2 # n + 2& 2 Atp ) )) 2 (quot; ) f = n% (2 quot; + 1) Y (t, quot; ) * a U 2 *b 3hquot; (2J + 1) $ 3n ( ' quot; = 2, 4,6 p t =1, 3,5 (2t + 1) 2 Atp Defining Ωλ as: !quot; = (2 quot; + 1)# # (2t + 1)Y 2 (t, quot; ) Judd-Ofelt p t =1, 3,5 parameters 2 8! 2 mc # n2 + 2 & + 2 (quot; ) f = n% )quot; * a U *b Oscillator 3hquot; (2J + 1) $ 3n ( ' quot; = 2, 4,6 strength $ 2 (quot; ) SED = !quot; # a U #b is called the Linestrength. quot; = 2, 4,6 This is the “Approximate Solution” of the Judd-Ofelt theory. It can be used to find electric dipole matrix elements between mixed parity states for manifold to manifold transitions. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
26. Judd-Ofelt Parameters In principle, the Judd-Ofelt parameters can be calculated “ab-initio” if the crystal structure is known, and hence, Atp: 2 Atp !quot; = (2 quot; + 1)# # Y 2 (t, quot; ) p t =1, 3,5 (2t + 1) n! r nquot;!quot; nquot;!quot; r t n! &1 t ! ) Y (t, ! ) = 2% ! C !quot; !quot; C ! ' (1) (t ) * n! Ea # E$ ( ! !quot; ! + # ! 1 !! & ! C (1) !! = (quot;1)! % ( 2! + 1)1/2 ( 2!! + 1)1/2 $0 0 0( ' # !! t ! & ! C (t ) !! = (quot;1)!! % ( 2!! + 1)1/2 ( 2! + 1)1/2 $ 0 0 0( ' 3-j and 6-j symbols can be calculated for ! = 3 (4f ) and !! = 2 (5d) Radial integrals between configurations and crystal field components, Atp, are difficult to calculate. Instead, Judd-Ofelt parameters are usually treated as phenomenological parameters, determined by fitting experimental linestrength data. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
27. Intermission “The two papers of 1962 represent a paradigm that has dominated all further work on the intensities of rare earth transitions in solutions and solids up to the present time.” Brian G. Wybourne “The fascination of rare earths - then, now and in the future” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 380, 96-100 (2004). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
28. Part II: Practices The Judd-Ofelt theory, in practice, is used to determine a set of phenomenological parameters, Ωλ (λ=2,4,6), by fitting the experimental absorption or emission measurements, in a least squares difference sum, with the Judd-Ofelt expression. Absorption Least Squares Judd-Ofelt Collect Matrix Measurements Fitting Parameters Elements # ( )=0 ! quot;2 Ωλ manifold ! (quot; )d quot; ||2 !# k Transition τr and β Probabilities AJ′J The Judd-Ofelt parameters can then be used to calculate the transition probabilities, AJ′J, of all excited states. From these, the radiative lifetimes, τr, and branching ratios, β, are found. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
29. Selection Rules Revisited ! j1 j2 j3 $ #1 t ! & ! j1 j2 j3 $ $ J ! Jquot; ' quot; %=0 $ ' #m =0 #! 1 !2 !3 & ! !quot; ! ( quot; 1 m2 m3 & % & #M % Q M quot;) ( % Unless: Unless: J! quot; J # $ ! = 2, 4, 6 ji ! 0 ji ! 0 t = 1, 3, 5, 7 !J quot; 6 !i ! 0 mi quot; ji ! quot;1+ t !L quot; 6 j1 quot; j2 # j3 # j1 + j2 m1 + m2 + m3 = 0 !S = 0 !! quot; ! # 1 ji , mi (1, 1/2 integer) ! 2 quot; ! 3 # j1 # ! 2 + ! 3 J = 0 : J # $ even Only d or g j1 # j2 quot; j3 quot; j1 + j2 ! 1 quot; ! 3 # j2 # ! 1 + ! 3 orbitals can J # = 0 : J $ even mix parity ! 1 quot; ! 2 # j3 New Selection Rules From Judd-Ofelt Theory S L J (No 0 ↔ 0) Parity Electric Dipole ΔS = 0 ΔL ≤ 6 ΔJ ≤ 6 opposite ΔJ = 2,4,6 (J or J′ = 0) Magnetic dipole ΔS = 0 ΔL = 0 ΔJ = 0, ±1 same Electric quadrupole ΔS = 0 ΔL = 0, ±1, ±2 ΔJ = 0, ±1, ±2 opposite National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
30. Judd-Ofelt Analysis I Matrix Forms 3ch(2J + 1) # 3 & 2 Sm = 8! e quot; 3 2 n% 2 $ n + 2( ' * manifold ) (quot; )d quot; S jm Components of 1 x N matrix 3 $ S = quot; M ij !i 2 (quot; ) SED = !quot; # a U #b t j quot; = 2, 4,6 i =1 N = number of tramsitions Mij - components of N x 3 matrix for square matrix elements of U ( 2 ), U ( 4 ), U (6 ) Ωi - components of 1 x 3 matrix for Judd-Ofelt parameters Ω 2, Ω 4, Ω 6 2 N % m 3 ( ! = $ ' S j quot; $ M ij #i * 2 LEAST SQUARES DIFFERENCE j =1 & i =1 ) ( ) = $2 ! quot;2 N & m 3 ) ( !(0) = M †M ) quot;1 !# k % ' M jk ( S j $ % M ij #i + = 0 MINIMIZED * M †Sm j =1 i =1 Judd-Ofelt Parameters 1 x 3 Matrix National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
31. Judd-Ofelt Fit (Ho:YLF) 6.0 Visible absorption spectrum of Ho:YLF 5.0 !ab (10-20 cm2) (! and quot; polarization) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 280 330 380 430 480 530 580 630 680 Wavelength (nm) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
32. Judd-Ofelt Analysis II With the Judd-Ofelt parameters, the ED transition probability for any excited state transition (J´→ J) can be calculated 64quot; 4 e2 * $ n2 + 2 ' 2 - Transition probability A J !J = 3 ,n & SED + n SMD / 2 3h(2 J ! + 1)# , % + 3 ) ( / . (Einstein A coefficient) 1 = # AJ quot;J Radiative lifetime !r J (natural decay time) AJ quot;J Branching ratio ! J quot;J = # AJ quot;J (fraction of total photon flux) J MD transitions are normally orders of magnitude smaller than ED transitions. Since ED transitions for ions in solids occur as a result of a perturbation, some MD transitions will make significant contributions. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
33. Magnetic Dipole Contributions Magnetic dipole contributions can be easily calculated using an appropriate set of intermediate coupled wavefunctions for transitions obeying the selection rules ( ΔS = 0, ΔL= 0, ΔJ = 0, ±1). 2 ' quot; $ ! ! f n [SL]J L + 2S f n [S !L!]J ! 2 S MD =% quot; MD Linestrength & 2mc # 1/ 2 LS-coupled 2 - (J + 1) . (L . S ) * ! ! ! n '- ! 2 2 *$ f [SL]J L + 2 S f [S /L/]J / = &+(S + L + 1) . (J + 1) + matrix elements n 2 ((# !+ %, , 4(J + 1) )(! )quot; G.H. Shortley Phys. Rev. 57, 225 (1940) Intermediate coupled wavefunctions f n [SL]J = ! C ( S, L ) f n SLJ SL (linear combination of LS states) ! ! n quot; ! n f [SL]J L + 2S f [S quot;Lquot;]J quot; = n ! C (S , L )C (S , L ) f SLJ L + 2S f S quot;Lquot;J quot; n SL ,S quot;Lquot; Intermediate coupled matrix elements National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
34. Judd-Ofelt Results (Ho:YLF) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
35. Testing the J-O theory Branching ratios can be measured directly from emission spectra. Use reciprocity of emission and absorption to indirectly “measure” the radiative lifetimes. Z! *$ hc ' - ! em ( quot; ) = ! ab ( quot; ) exp ,& EZL # ) kT / D.E. McCumber Zu +% quot;( . Phys. Rev. 136, A954 (1964). By comparing the measured emission cross section quot;5 3I& ( quot; ) ! (quot; ) = P. Moulton 8# cn 2 ($ r / % ) + ' 2I ! ( quot; ) + I # ( quot; ) ) quot; d quot; ( * J. Opt. Soc Am. B 3, 131 (1986). with the emission cross section derived from absorption, the quantity (τr/β) can be determined and the radiative lifetime extracted for comparison with the Judd-Ofelt theory National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
36. Reciprocity of Ho:YLF (5I7 ↔ 5I8) National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
37. Accuracy of J-O theory (Ho&Tm) Results are somewhat better in Ho3+ than Tm3+. Overall, the accuracy of the Judd-Ofelt theory is quite good, despite the approximations used. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
38. Special Case I: Pr3+ ion (A failure of the standard Judd-Ofelt theory?) Pr3+ ions suffer from several problems in applying Judd-Ofelt theory 1.) Large deviations between calculations and experiment observations. 2.) Negative Ω2 sometimes obtained, in opposition with definition. 3.) Ω2, Ω4, Ω6 highly dependent on transitions used in fit. These inconsistencies are usually explained by the small energy gap (~ 50,000 cm -1) between the 4f N and 4f N-15d configurations in Pr3+ Solutions: 1.) Modify the standard theory: quot;!# = quot;# &1 + ( $Eij % 2E4 f ) ( E5d % E4 f ) ( ' 0 ) E.E. Dunina, et al., Sov. Phys. Solid State 32, 920 (1990). 2.) Remove 3H4 → 3P2 from the fit, or augment fit with fluorescence β’s R.S.Quimby, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 75, 613 (1994). 2 N +% ( . 3.) Use normalized least squares fitting procedure: ! = $ -' S jm quot; $ M ij #i * ! i 0 2 j =1 , & i ) / P. Goldner, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 79, 7972 (1996). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
39. Special Case II: Eu3+ ions (Beyond the standard Judd-Ofelt theory) The ED transitions 7F0 ↔ 5DJodd, 7FJodd ↔ 5D0 and 7F0 ↔ 5D0 in Eu3+ are “forbidden” in standard JO-theory. They violate the selection rules: • ΔS = 0 G.W. Burdick, J. Chem Phys. 91 (1989). • If J = 0 then J′ is even • If J′ = 0 then J is even M. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 16917 (1994). •0↔0 T. Kushida, Phys. Rev B, 65, 195118 (2002). These transitions are primarily MD, but all three do occur as ED with low intensity in the spectra of some materials. This implies that the standard Judd-Ofelt theory is incomplete. These ‘forbidden’ transitions provide an ideal testing ground for extensions to the standard theory. What mechanism or mechanisms could be responsible? Are they meaningful! National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
40. Europium’s Peculiar Properties (Adventures of The Atom) The Atom, Issue 2 August 1962 (DC Comics) Coincident with the publications of Judd and Ofelt, who were both also interested in Europium’s peculiar properties. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
41. Extensions I 1) J-mixing: The wavefunctions of the J ≠ 0 state are mixed into the J = 0 state by even parity terms of the crystal field. Explains the radiative transition 7F3 ↔ 5D0 in Eu3+. J.E. Lowther, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 7, 4393 (1974). 2) Electron correlation: Electrostatic interaction between electrons is taken into account. Goes beyond the single configuration approximation and electron correlation within the 4f shell is incorporated by configuration interactions. Contributes to “allowing” the “forbidden” 0 ↔ 0 transitions such as 7F0 ↔ 5D0 in Eu3+. K. Jankowski, J. Phys B: At. Mol. Phys. 14, 3345 (1981). 3) Dynamic coupling: The mutual interaction of the lanthanide ion and the crystal environment are taken into account. Goes beyond the static coupling model. Explains hypersensitive transitions (transitions highly sensitive to changes in environment). M.F. Reid et al., J. Chem Phys. 79, 5735 (1983). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
42. Extensions II 4) Wybourne-Downer mechanism: Involves spin-orbit interaction among states of the excited configurations, leading to an admixing of spin states into the 4f N configuration. This accounts for the observed spin “forbidden” transitions ΔS = 1 B.G. Wybourne, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2596 (1968). M.C. Downer et al., J. Chem. Phys 89, 1787 (1988). 5) Relativistic contributions: Relativistic treatment of f → f transitions in crystal fields. Reformulation of crystal field and operators in relativistic terms. Importance unknown. L. Smentek, B.G. Wybourne, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt, Phys. 33, 3647 (2000). L. Smentek, B.G. Wybourne, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt, Phys. 34, 625 (2001). Review Articles Early development: R.D. Peacock, Structure and Bonding, vol. 22, 83-122 (1975). Later developments L. Smentek, Physics Reports, vol. 297, 155-237 (1998). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
43. Summary Physical Mechanisms: (Not a complete list) Crystal field influence based on static model. Second order in the perturbation. (This is the standard Judd-Ofelt theory). Crystal field influence based on static and dynamic model. Second order. Electron correlation based on static and dynamic model. Third order. Spin-orbit interaction. Intermediate coupling and Third order effects. Relativistic effects. Remaining Problems: Estimating the relative importance of each mechanism is considerable. (Many competing mechanisms producing various effects. Entangled situation) Ab-initio calculations still not entirely successful. - Theory of f - f transitions not yet complete. - Calculation of Radial integrals and knowledge of odd crystal field parameters. - Vibronics (Vibrational lattice-ion coupling) Multitude of mechanisms and new parameters abandons simplicity. - Simple linear parametric fitting to observed spectra is lost. - Physically meaningful descriptions can be obscured. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
44. What’s next? “It has been in a very real sense the first step in the journey to an understanding of the rare earths and their much heavier cousins, the actinides, but like many journeys into the unknown, the end is not in sight.” Brian G. Wybourne “The fascination of rare earths - then, now and in the future” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 380, 96-100 (2004). National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
45. Judd and Ofelt Finally Meet 40 years after publications B.R. Judd G.S. Ofelt B.G. Wybourne Ladek Zdroj,Poland - June 22, 2003 “4th International Workshop on Spectroscopy. Structure and Synthesis of Rare Earth Systems.” National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
46. 2007 School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy 2007 will be the 45th anniversary of the simultaneous publications of Brian Judd and George Ofelt. A special session is certainly worth considering in the next course. “The fascination of the Rare Earths - 45th Anniversary of Judd-Ofelt theory” Possible invited lecturers: Brian R. Judd - The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA E-mail: [email protected] George S. Ofelt - 824 Saint Clement Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA E-mail: gsofelt@pilot,infi,net Lydia Smentek - Vanderbilt University, Box 1547, Station B. Nashville, TN 37235, USA E-mail: [email protected] G.W. Burdick - Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA E-mail: [email protected] Francois Auzel -UMR7574, CNRS, 92195 Meudon Cedux, France E-mail: [email protected] Sverker Edvardsson, Mid Sweden University, S-851 70, Sundsvall, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
47. Acknowledgements Rino DiBartolo- Thank you for your years of wisdom and my first lecture on Judd-Ofelt theory in your office in ‘old’ Higgins Hall. Also for inviting me to Erice these last 10 years. Norm Barnes- Thank you for helping me see the laser side of life. The discussions we have had over the years remain with me. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
48. Dedication Brian G. Wybourne (1935-2003) Professor Brian G Wybourne Commemorative Meeting: Symmetry, Spectroscopy and Schur Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland June 12-14, 2005. A commemorative meeting in honor of Professor Brian G. Wybourne will be held in Torun, Poland from 12-th to 14-th June 2005. The aim is to celebrate Brian's academic life and his contributions to many aspects of physics and mathematics. This meeting will bring together friends, students, collaborators of Brian as well as people interested in the results and consequences of his research. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
49. National Aeronautics and Erice, Italy (June 2005) Space Administration
50. National Aeronautics and International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Space Administration Erice, Italy (June 2005)
For calculation from Eu3+ emission spectra: Article JOES: An application software for Judd-Ofelt analysis from E...
From absorption: RELIC
https://www.lanl.gov/projects/feynman-center/deploying-innovation/intellectual-property/software-tools/relic/index.php
Hello Ayat Kh
You can do that, you just need wavelength vs intensity data file, separated with commas. Please find more info in help of the program.
Best Regards,
Aleksandar
Aleksandar Ćirić Sir, I am working on phosphor so I am trying to download RELIC from https://www.lanl.gov/projects/feynman-center/deploying-innovation/intellectual-property/software-tools/relic/index.php to calculate the Judd Oflet calculation. However it is unavailable on this website. If you have this software, please share it on google drive or by mail.
Unfortunately it is removed from the website as it stopped working for fitting of JO parameters. I'll release my own software sometime this year, you can follow me and you will see when it gets out.
Hello all:
The software from Aleksandar Ćirić and co-workers is the best option for experimental JO intensity parameter obtension:
https://omasgroup.org/joes-software/#page-content
Once the experimental parameters are obtained, the JOYSpectra webplatform can be used to calculate theoretical JO intensity parameters and to study energy transfer mechanisms in the Ln-based compounds:
http://slater.cca.ufpb.br/joyspectra/index.php
Article JOYSpectra: A web platform for luminescence of lanthanides
If you have calculated JO parameters then it is okay however if you have not calculated yet just mail me
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