Direct use of RO rejection water for irrigation may cause some effects on grasses because rejection water TDS is very high.
In principle, yes - RO concentrate can be used for irrigation purposes and there have been some examples of such use in places, where fresh water sources are limited - for example in South Africa. However, in such cases water recovery (permeate produced) has to be kept at relatively low values (~50 %) since higher water recoveries can lead to very saline RO concentrates, which may have adverse effects on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the irrigated soils, including retarded growth of plants and grasses cultivated on such soils. Hope this responds to your question.
This is very broad question and it is dependent on RO concentrate (reject) quality and purpose of irrigation. Often, RO concentrate contains high TDS (i.e, >2500-3000 mg/L) and other constituents which probit use of it for irrigation purpose.
I found in many cases the TDS increase from 10-20% only, if they are using surface water for reverse osmosis in such cases it good idea to use this water for irrigation. eventhough there is a decrease in yield we can utilize water resources efficiently.
If the seawater was treated in Reverse Osmosis the rejection wastewater Containing toxic elements (for example boron) to plants that are not recommended .
No problem, in case of LPRO system which is pretreated with ultrafiltration, without acid and antiscalant dosing, the concentrate concentration is not very high and can still be used directly for irigation or even swimming pool.
It depends on the type of salt present in the rejected streams and the concentration of salts. If rejected stream contains heavy metal's salts such as chromium salts, then this water can not be used for irrigation. High salinity water can not be used in irrigation. But It also depends on the type of crop and type of soil.
Yes, We can apply. But, we have to concentrate more on selection the crop. Some crops couldn't survive if RO effluent is used as an irrigation source. However, currently we are working on this.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328828204_Effect_of_Different_Diluted_Reverse_Osmosis_Rejection_Water_as_Irrigation_Source_for_Different_Crops?_sg=v3Cpe8YKaoPfOeBhTbnW1T2OJmRPmyeiTJ1_-xb_0giFySP1MYKvtm086EYmtovxenvx2QzJf4ZvMQ.v-G1xv0eXUhDWgfbr9kSp9UBB7kLjegAUOsbt5AAkgvJfbzYXdLhtIeHL7nqg8_VeH2JrSS7P0spMGgVfIDkVA&_sgd%5Bnc%5D=2&_sgd%5Bncwor%5D=1
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