Despite the danger of storing hydrogen and its exposure to explosion, an important source remains, and in-depth studies must be submitted to benefit from it with maximum efficiency and store it safely.

Yes, Hydrogen plays an important role and it will be the future energy resource mostly for all uses.

Hello Akhilesh Prasad Singh

There has been much excitement about the possibility of hydrogen as a common fuel from a few years, primarily due to its renewable nature.

So far, the principal challenge is that hydrogen is rather difficult to handle and is still more expensive than the contemporary alternatives.

Although Hydrogen as a fuel is an exciting idea, I personally believe that there are other alternatives which will be more beneficial in both shorter and longer run. One example of such an alternative is Butanol, though many others are present or are being developed/considered.

Hope this helps,

Akshat

Dear, Akhilesh Prasad Singh,

@B Koti Reddy

@Akshat Mathur

Its Novel research to fulfil the requirement of energy.

Actually,

Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines . It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles such as passenger cars, and has been used in fuel cell buses for many years. It is also used as a fuel for spacecraft propulsion.

As of 2018, the majority of hydrogen (∼95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming or partial oxidation of methane and coal gasification with only a small quantity by other routes such as biomass gasification or electrolysis of water.

Hydrogen is usually considered an energy carrier, like electricity, as it must be produced from a primary energy source such as solar energy, biomass, electricity (e.g. in the form of solar PV or via wind turbines), or hydrocarbons such as natural gas or coal. Conventional hydrogen production using natural gas induces significant environmental impacts; as with the use of any hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide is emitted. At the same time, the addition of 20% of hydrogen (an optimal share that does not affect gas pipes and appliances) to natural gas can reduce CO2 emissions caused by heating and cooking.

Hope you will satisfy with answer, if you have any question related to simulation kindly tell me i will help you with my best. Thanks.

Dear Mr. Mathura & friends,

Hazard / risk of Hydrogen fuel is planned to remove by installing modular hydrogen fuel power plants along highways/ roadsides ( remote & outskirts) to feed electric power to EVs passing nearby with minimum distribution loss. Further these may work as refuelling of Hydrogen to light vehicles ( safe amout) for making complete road network as ZERO emissions including cities.

What will be production cost if used in mass scale?

Dear Akhilesh Prasad Singh

The idea is appreciable and though the current costs are much more than that of other fuels, I believe the cost will eventually come down as mass production is initiated and advances are made in the field of hydrogen synthesis from renewable sources.

However, handling hydrogen is inherently tough and more risky as compared to petroleum based fuels. Also, what most studies do not take into account is the cost of transition to a hydrogen based fuel. Entire channel of production, distribution and storage of not only fuel, but motor vehicles will have to be adapted. Millions of workers in these industries will have to be re-skilled and motorists would also have to adapt to the new scenario. Essentially, we would be starting from scratch, just as we did when petroleum fuel was introduced. So you can imagine the magnitude of disruption this will cause in the society.

Furthermore, all of the heavy machinery will also have to go to through redesign and development to adapt to hydrogen fuel.

In my humble opinion, it is simply too much disruption when we have drop-in alternatives to explore (such as ethanol and butanol). If we have to cause such a disruption in the world order, I would prefer that the innovation be far more promising in critical areas (such as sustainability and environmental benefits) than what hydrogen appears to offer.

Target is to achieve Zero Emissions.

Thank you Zia Hameed

A fuel cell operates like a battery (even batter than battery) by converting the chemical energy from Reactants into electricity, as long as the fuel (such as hydrogen) and an oxidant (such as oxygen) is supplied, it will produce DC electricity (plus water and heat) continuously.

Advantages:

1. Clean by-products (e.g., water when operated on pure hydrogen)

2. Zero emission with extremely low

3. Operate quietly

4. Not having any moving parts, even when working with extra fuel processing and supply equipment

5. High power density

6. High efficiency, typically more than 40% efficiency in electric power production, which is better than traditional combustion engine/generator, sets

7. Waste heat from a fuel cell can be used for heating purposes, thus increasing its overall efficiency can increase national energy security.

Finally it will be the best future energy resource.

Dear Mr. Raghaviah, Can hydrogen fuel cells in present technical development meet the requirement for ZEVs? If so it can take place source of future energy and driving EVs. Following requirement for ZEVs ( Heavy EVs may use new invented technology):

1. Modular Hydrogen fuel propelled power plants of capacity 50 kW to 50 MW or more at 600 V DC.

2. Installation of plants along highways/ roadways at certain distance to feed 600V DC supply to pair of overhead supply for driving Heavy EVs using single arm pantograph while connecting in overtaking, lane changing, Turnings etc, running around road at minimum distribution loss.

3. Refulling stations for light vehicles at each plant site.

4. Plants to outskirts of cities for operating EVs in cities for zero emissions, clean environment and saving Climate Change.

5. Solar, wind or other energy sources to generate Hydrogen for plants regular use.

Safely & Hazards free setup away from residential areas are considered for high capacity hydrogen storage.

Can above requirement be fulfilled by Hydrogen fuel propelled power plants?

What will be major problems to meet above if any to make Hydrogen as International renewable zero emissions energy source?

Strictly speaking, hydrogen is an energy carrier and an energy storage medium. It is NOT a source of energy.

In itself, hydrogen can reasonably perform these two functions (carrying and storing energy).

The real issue is in storing energy sources into hydrogen, and then converting hydrogen into the final end-user energy form. The round-trip efficiency of these conversion processes is too low to be economically justified.

Despite the danger of storing hydrogen and its exposure to explosion, an important source remains, and in-depth studies must be submitted to benefit from it with maximum efficiency and store it safely.

I think we may need tens of years to achieve this

Explosive & Hazards are major limitations of use of Hydrogen Fuel Cells as per present demand. Now establishing hydrogen fuel propelled power plants roadside away from residential areas, fixed safe storage and use of energy through overhead supply line by EVs nearby with minimum distribution loss.

Safety, suitable consumption, top demand of zero emissions may accelerate fuel cells and may expand most of highways/ roads & cities within 5-10 years. Under mass scare, it's cost will also drop drastically.

I agree with Prof. Omar Hazem MOHAMMED

Dear Akhilesh Prasad Singh sir, hydrogen modular power plants are developed and tested successfully. Future EVs will be propelled by hydrogen fuel. EVs with pantograph on roadways may not be successful, but it may be good for permanentway vehicles like railways and trams. Refuelling stations concept is similar to existing LPG and CNG filling stations. Other intermittent and excess power generation are good for production of hydrogen. Flammability and explosion risks can be eliminated by storing at higher concentrations.

Why could't 180 yrs ago invented Hydrogen fuel cell being zero emissions energy source be utilized. One major reason is what mentioned by Mr. Raghavaiah. EVs load ( technology with International Patent rights) is offered for Hydrogen fuel cells promotion and zero emissions vehicles for saving Climate Change & world environment.

Why are fuel cells based plants not installed like petrol pumps along road side? Distance & capacity may depend on local site need.

Main hurdle for fuel cells is cost. Traditional energy technologies still dominating. Difficulty in storing and distribuing (hydrogen) are taken up. DMFC operates with Methanol, a liquid fuel, is easily transportable, like gasoline, and could be used in automobile fuel cells. But like gasoline, methanol also produces polluting carbon dioxide, a undesirable product. All Governments giving importance. In next 3 years, we will get road map for fuel cell with long term implementations.

I think hydrogen is one of the most prominent energy carriers which someday the world will gamble on it. although the hydrogen carries an enormous and considerable amount of the energy it has a bottleneck in the field of its storage which I think will be solved with the solar fuel carriers like formic acid which can be synthesized using the Carbon utilization processes consuming capture CO2 and Water or as I prefer to call it " burning the air".

Also handling of hydrogen fuel cell is a challenge, as it may be explosive unless handled with care. The fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to produce electricity. they are efficient and have no emissions. The two prime dangers from hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles are the danger of electrical shock and the flammability of the fuel. But it's combustible properties can be advantageous for high speed and high thrust application like super sonic vehicles, space crafts etc. Hydrogen produced without emitting greenhouse gases could form the basis of the sustainable hydrogen economy. As an energy carrier, it can replace all forms of final energy in use today and provide energy services to all sectors of the economy. In the near future , hydrogen fuel cell technology should become economical and safe in the future. However, currently hydrogen production is not cheap. The future of Hydrogen powered vehicles, on land, sea & air, might yet reach its full potential..

Seeing the reports the patients of COVID-19 virus might have more impact of air pollution, so hydrogen being good energy carrier but emit water & energy i.e. water vapour which is GHG emissions. Will hydrogen fuel cells vehicles create problem to Climate even maintaing clean air? High emissions of water vapour may cause precipitation in unwarranted time may be against natural procedure. Should water vapour emissions instead of carbon be promoted?

Will water vapour exhaust from hydrogen fuel cells affect Climate Change as GHG emissions?

Dear Akhilesh Prasad Singh, I believe that the only inexhaustible source of energy in the world will be, in the near future (by 2050), hydrogen to be used as fuel for the current thermal engines or fuel cell electric motors or for the production of the same hydrogen by electrolysis. The enormous amount of "heat" necessary to produce the electrical energy necessary for all the aforementioned needs (hydrogen production, industries, transport, public lighting, domestic consumption, etc.) will be produced by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, which is a clean nuclear reaction in the sense that it does not emit almost no radiation. The first experimental prototype of a controlled nuclear fusion plant is already under construction in Cadarache in France through the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project for a cost of € 20 billion. In addition to the EU participate in the project: China, South Korea, Japan, India, Russia, and the United States. ITER's primary objective is to develop the technology necessary to obtain nuclear fusion energy. ITER results will be used for the next two projects called DEMO and PROMO. ITER started in 2005 will give the first results by 2020, while the results of DEMO and PROTO will arrive by 2040 then the first nuclear fusion power plant will be built for the industrial production of electricity. Finally, it seems to me, but I'm not sure, that to avoid the danger of explosion hydrogen can be stored in suitable containers full of "steel sponge" very similar to the steel sponges used to clean the pots.

Dear Mr. Leonardo Cannizzaro, the doubts you have mentioned, are very correct. Due safety reasons, hydrogen fuel cells based vehicles have little interest in public even being zero emissions. Water vapour exhaust in atmosphere directly will be harmful in many ways including increase of GHG emissions.

Considering all these limitations, EVs powered by pair of overhead supply line shall receive electricity from modular Solar cum Hydrogen fuel cells with full safely of storage of Hydrogen gas in safe area without carriage. Electricity generated by solar paneks in day time shall feed overhead lines for transport, Grid for general supply along with electrolysis for hydrogen gas Storage to use in dark time.

Energy for transport by a new setup ( driving like fuel vehicles awarded by IEEE & SAE) is considered to make Solar energy as basic energy source and hydrogen gas as energy storage to meet the world demand without emissions, pollutions or fuel expenditure in general activities.

Dear Akhilesh Prasad Singh, I don't know how much total world energy consumption is. I don't think it is possible to satisfy the world demand for energy with solar, wind, hydraulic, etc.. Even if we covered all the deserts, the cities where possible and appropriate, the great communication routes, etc. with solar panels, taking into account the operating temperature range of the solar panels, the energy produced would not be sufficient to meet the demand. On the other hand, it is unthinkable to cover fertile soils with solar panels since it is necessary to feed about 10 billion people in the next few decades. Like it or not, the only possibility is nuclear fusion. If you have sufficient energy, it is always possible to condense the water vapor, for example by pumping it at about 100 meters deep or in current heat engines powered by hydrogen in suitable radiators or by adiabatic expansion, in order to discharge only water into the environment. All this does not mean that we must abandon the alternative energies (solar, wind, hydraulic, tides, sea waves, etc.) indeed we must increase their use where appropriate and convenient and above all increase research to optimize its performance. I would also like to ask you not to use acronyms without first defining their meaning.

Solar energy hit to Earth per hour is more than annual demand of world i.e all area with solar panels will generate energy more than 10 years demand in a day. Around 40000 sq km area with solar panel will sufficient to meet per day demand. Only a country like India is having more than 100000 sq km area unused neither in agriculture, forest, residential, desert etc. Small part of unused portion of Earth surface in distributed way for solar panel may generate electricity for daily use as well as storage as Hydrogen.

Solar & hydrogen as ultimate energy source for world is depending on new technology of use of direct electricity in mobile vehicles and grid supply to immovable establishments/ residentia areas.

Operating EVs with overhead supply line like fuel vehicles without short circuit is considered as magic by many experts but it was awarded by IEEE & SAE as well as published by IEEE and WIPO.

Implimentation of technology may give result.

If it is as you say, dear colleague, why has India invested a few billion Euros in the nuclear fusion project? Perhaps India could have invested all that money in photovoltaic systems and in systems for storing hydrogen or energy in general. Do not you think? I don't understand what IEEE & SAE means and what it is. It seems to me that Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the De Rivaz engine in 1806, the first internal combustion engine that operated with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Étienne Lenoir designed the Hippomobile in 1863. Paul Dieges patented a modification to the internal combustion gasoline engine in 1970 to transform it into a hydrogen combustion engine. (Wikipedia).

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle