Materials chemistry/science is a huge field. Maraqah and Shen have both made fine suggestions. However, given the size of the field, and since you are starting out, I suggest you peruse the Wikipedia articles on this topic (link below). Lots of books and papers of possible interest are cited.
I used to teach Materials Science at a university in Cuba, and the text book was Callister's , I think you van begin for it, If you have any question you can ask me.
Or if you are interested in a more detailed description from the implementational point of view I would also recommend David B. Cook's book: "Handbook of Computational Quantum Chemistry" also known as the "cookbook".
A book that deal with solid-state chemistry that will give you some insight into different
computational methods is: V. V. Nemoshkalenko and V. N. Antonov's: "Computational methods in Solid State Physics".
And finally why not J.M Thijssen's book: "Computational Physics"
This book is somewhat general but it has a nice introduction to Augmented plane wave methods such as the APW and the LAPWD method.
Ten years ago, I wrote a book giving the basic concepts one needs to know concerning solid-state chemistry ("LUMINESCENCE AND THE SOLID STATE- 2ND EDITION" by R.C. Ropp, Elsevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam & New York (May - 2004). This book presents the solid state chemistry of phosphors as related to solid-state chemistry. It also presented the types of measurements one needs to know and also, in some cases, how to build one's own measuring instruments (like DTA). A section on the theory of x-ray measurements is also explored as well as the theory of point defects in solids. You are undoubtedly aware that the physical and chemical properties of all of the solids that we know (excluding nano-materials) are controlled by the point-defect makeup within any given solid. In 2012, a book concerning the chemistry of the alkaline earth compounds was published (“ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE ALKALINE EARTH COMPOUNDS” by R C Ropp, Elsevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam & New York (March 2013) 1250 pp ) This book presents the various uses for which such materials have been studied and used. It details all of the alkaline earth compounds known up to October 2011.
Your ask for a layman's perspective. I suspect that any book recommended so far will be hard pressed to meet this criteria.
Since you ask from a perspective of chemistry, let's assume that you have a full background from a good general chemistry textbook. Also, let's presume that you have studied a textbook on physical chemistry - thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum. After that, for the foundations, you are prepared to graduate to a textbook on solid state chemistry or solid state physics. Some references have already been given for the former. For solid state physics, Kittel and Ashcroft & Mermin are two recommended readings. For readings on materials from a science perspective, you could consider a textbook from Naumann on the Physics and Chemistry of Materials (CRC Press). For a materials engineering perspective, you could consider the textbooks from Callister or Alskeland or Smith or any of the multitude of other authors. These books each have their pros and cons. I personally favor Fundamentals of Materials Science & Engineering from Callister because I think it gives a more balanced approach to all four classes of materials -- metals, ceramics, semiconductors, and polymers. Finally, for computational materials chemistry, you might do a search to find references for this specific area.
The field of materials is broad and you will have a great swath of information to review. Happy reading!