Dear Mr. Grigoriev

as you know stable isotope of oxygen measuring  is one the most  method for estimation of paleotemperature of paleo ocean. Zeebe (2001) have been studied in paleo ocean temperature that you can find as attachment.

Otto-Bliesner et al. (2001) studied paleotemperature of Late Cretaceous ocean whith using of CO2 content method (2nd attached file).

Bice et al. (2006) recorded some isotopic and geochemical data which reflect paleotemperature of Cretaceous oceans (see 3th attached file).

Several documents have been also studied in this field which are consisted of:

Archer et al. (2004)

link: http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Journals/archer_epsl_04.pdf

Dermc huk and Gary (2009)

link: https://books.google.com/books?id=-AFkJkSUdDMC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=paleotemperature+of+cretaceous+oceans&source=bl&ots=ijnRvgR4GQ&sig=SLcWow9w95-vn6mmhOqB2epsmmg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBzgoahUKEwi36av8w-bHAhWIWBQKHX3jDHo#v=onepage&q=paleotemperature%20of%20cretaceous%20oceans&f=false

Regards

Massih

See  figures 13 & 15 in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275277369_Some_Thoughts_on_Global_Climate_Change_The_Transition_for_Icehouse_to_Hothouse_Conditions

also

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269038635_Atlas_of_Phanerozoic_Temperatures_%28Mollweide_Projection%29_Volumes_1-6_PALEOMAP_Project_PaleoAtlas_for_ArcGIS_PALEOMAP_Project_Evanston_IL

Chapter Some Thoughts on Global Climate Change: The Transition for I...

Technical Report Atlas of Phanerozoic Temperatures (Mollweide Projection), Vo...

Dear Massih and Christopher,

thank you for your detailed response and links! 

My area of interest is Chukotka, Anadyr region. As far as I understood from the maps the average temperature of the sea in this region is about 12° (Otto-Bliesner, 2001). Paleomap project has two maps of Late Cretaceous (Turonian and Maastrichtian), and it seems that at least in Maastrichtian the temperature was close to that value. Christopher, what is the temperature for the uppermost isoline?

If it is right, than why in "Some Thoughts on Global Climate Change" on figure 7 this area is seem to be warm temperate?

As I understood from the paleomap project maps, the average temperature in the Tethys region has not changed much during the Late Cretaceous, while the temperature in the polar regions has increased significantly. Is it right and is there a reference on this event in literature?

Here are some additional papers to consider:

Clarke and Jenkyns 1999; Geology

Huber et al. 2002; Geology

Friedrich et al. 2012; Geology

Mark Leckie

Massih & Mark - it is illegal for you to post copies of papers to which you do not hold the copyright to.  Chris' posts are to his own work, so there is no issue there.  But, the two of you have violated copyright law.  I would suggest listing the reference, but not the paper itself.

Dear Camen

the attached copies are are referred to free download sites

Massih 

Mr. Grigoriev,

Part of the issue you may be having is the timeframe you are asking about (i.e. the Cretaceous).  That is a very long period of time within which much changed in the Arctic.  The Beaufort Sea comes into existence during that time, meaning the "Arctic" itself did not exist prior to the Early Cretaceous.  If you are only interested in the latter part of the Cretaceous, it would be  better to specify that. 

There are suggestions in the geologic record that ice did exist in the Arctic region during the early Cretaceous at least. It has been suggested that the  Alaskan Pebble Shale was deposited at a time when ice was present.  The pebbles in the Pebble Shale are thought, by some, to be dropstones.  Glendonites have also been documented along the North Slope of Alaska.   Gendonites have also been documented in Australia during the Early Cretaceous.  The Cenomanian-Turonian is likely the period in which a full-on greenhouse existed. During this period, we ahve the highest sea level for the entire Phanerozoic.  By the time we get to the Maastrichtian the earth has started to cool again.  The data indicating ice in the Early Cretaceous does not mean massive ice sheets like those found during the Last Glacial Maximum.  But, it does suggest the Early Cretaceous may not have been a full-on greenhouse for it's entire duration, which is what is normally modeled.  Remember, climate models need to be given some input parameters, normally CO2 levels, which will dictate if it depicts a greenhouse or icehouse.  The modeler tells the model whether he/she wants an icehouse or greenhouse scenario.  Not the other way around.

With regards to the difference in temperatures between low latitudes and high latitudes, what you described would not be unusual.  It is well documented in the geologic record that the pole-to-equator temperature gradient does not stay fixed.  Meaning, during a greenhouse, the difference in temperature between the poles & the equator is less; whereas during an icehouse, the difference in temperatures is greater.  For this gradient change (flattening) to occur, during a warming phase the poles will increase their temperatures more & faster than the equatorial regions will.  This is exactly what is occurring today, the Arctic is warming at a faster rate than the low latitudes.  However, one needs to be aware that some of the climate models out there are specifically coded to not allow this change in gradient.  The algorithms for heat transfer between the equator and the poles in some models break down if you reduce the gradient.  For that reason, despite geologic evidence to the contrary, they keep the gradient fixed.  That means that in those climate models the change in temperature  will be the same in both regions.

Dear Massih - you have attached pdf's to your post. You did not link to a website that allows others to download the papers.  Therefore, you are the one providing the papers and that is illegal.  I'm not sure where you retrieved the copies from, as there is no indication on the pdf's themselves.  I do know that P3 and the Journal of Geophysical Research do not give their papers out for free. If you found them on a website which allows for free downloads, then provide that link.  In that manner, it is the website's responsibility to make sure they comply with copyright law.

Dear Carmen, thanks for your answer!

Very useful information!

Well, yes, I am interested in the latter part of the Cretaceous. Turonian and Campanian-Maastrichtian especially. 

Consider these two:

Poulson, P., 1999. A reinterpretation of mid-Cretaceous shallow marine temperatures through model-data comparison. Paleoceanography, 679- 697

Jenkyns, H. C., et al, Warm Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous high-latitude sea-surface temperatures from the Southern Ocean. Climate of the Past  (European Geosciences Union),215-226

Ray, thank you, but I need Late Cretaceous starting from Turonian.

Dear Carmen

Link of article is listed below:

http://openearthsystems.org/data/readings/Cretaceous-modeling-papers/Cretaceous%20Climate-2/ZeebePQ01.pdf

http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/ottobli/pubs/Otto-Bliesner-JGR-107.pdf

http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Journals/archer_epsl_04.pdf

Hi Mr Grigoriev,

I add several papers that could help:

- Pucéat, E., Lecuyer, C., Sheppard, S.M.F., Dromart, G., Reboulet, S., Grandjean, P., 2003. Thermal evolution of Cretaceous Tethyan marine waters inferred from oxygen isotope composition of fish tooth enamels. Paleoceanography 18, 1-12

- Puceat, E., Lecuyer, C., Donnadieu, Y., Naveau, P., Cappetta, H., Ramstein, G., Huber, B.T., Kriwet, J., 2007. Fish tooth d18O revising Late Cretaceous meridional upper ocean water temperature gradients. Geology 35, 107-110.

- Steuber, T., Rauch, M., Masse, J.P., Graaf, J., Malkoc, M., 2005. Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes. Nature 437, 1341-1344.

- Norris, R.D., Wilson, P.A., 1998. Low-latitude sea-surface temperatures for the mid-Cretaceous and the evolution of planktic foraminifera. Geology 26, 823-826.

- McAnena, A., Flogel, S., Hofmann, P., Herrle, J.O., Griesand, A., Pross, J., Talbot, H.M., Rethemeyer, J., Wallmann, K., Wagner, T., 2013. Atlantic cooling associated with a marine biotic crisis during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature Geoscience 6, 558-561

- Littler, K., Robinson, S.A., Bown, P.R., 2014. An offset in TEX86 values between interbedded lithologies: Implications for sea-surface temperature reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 399, 42-51.

- Dutton, A., Huber, B.T., Lohmann, K.C., Zinsmeister, W.J., 2007. High-resolution stable isotope profiles of a dimitobelid belemnite: Implications for paleodepth habitat and late maastrichtian climate seasonality. Palaios 22, 642-650.

Regards,

N.

Nicolas, thank you very much!

For me the most informative paper from your list is:

- Puceat, E., Lecuyer, C., Donnadieu, Y., Naveau, P., Cappetta, H., Ramstein, G., Huber, B.T., Kriwet, J., 2007. Fish tooth d18O revising Late Cretaceous meridional upper ocean water temperature gradients. Geology 35, 107-110.

Hi

Try out our paper from the Upper Cretaceous in the Levant. You can find other refs inside.

http://openearthsystems.org/data/readings/Cretaceous-modeling-papers/Cretaceous-Climate/Alsenzetal2013-SST%20record%20of%20a%20Late%20Cretaceous%20tropical%20southern%20Tethys%20upwelling%20system.pdf

Hope it helps

Ari Meilijson

Hi,

I perused my personal folder of Late Cretaceous climate-relevant literature. You can find a list of additional literature about Late Cretaceous climate in the attached PDF (Sorry, some of them may have been listed here earlier). Most of them are not 'review articles', but may provide further information.

Regards,

Michael

You may refer to Bilal ul Haq,s publications