Check out Coventry Patmore's lengthy poem "The Angel in the House," which delineates the concept of the business and domestic spheres, the former for men and the latter for women. It addresses an upper-middle-class ideal, of course, and widows could continue to run their husbands' affairs. Have a look at articles on The Victorian Web such as "Felix: Masculine Sexuality and the Feminine Idol."
The limitations imposed upon Victorian middle-class women by a male-dominated society severely limited a lady's vocational aspirations; even after the Crimean War, middle class women who did not marry and did not assist their married sisters in running a household were limited to becoming governesses, companions to older women, nurses, and teachers. However, if a female teacher married (as in the case of Fancy Day in Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree"), she was expected to abandon her profession for a domestic role. Only as a result of WWI were other professions opened to middle-class women.