I'll approach the answer from the University level. Because universities worldwide are now competing for same international student market (tuition fees are higher for int'ls), they sometimes promote themselves as ideally accommodating international students but in reality do not deliver what they promise. I have had that experience and have written a few articles about it that I hope can inform your topic. I extend best wishes for every success with your research.
many thanks,
Debra
Data Generation I: International and invisible in a workforce edu...
Can you be more specific? Do you men intensity of competition among institutions (and if so, is this for funding, enrolments, or other), among faculty (for funding, rankings, etc.), or among students (would you be referring to admissions, competition for grades when in programs, or something else)?
understanding competition among higher education institutions is really challenging, since universities are multi-dimensiontal organizations. You can indeed have competition at different levels (inter-related): students, faculty, funding etc... We have just measured the intensity of university competition for students in Italy considering each flow from the household to the university of choice. We discuss this in the attached paper. Best regards