Don't think there have been any longitudinal studies into adulthood, but there is empirical evidence of links into adolescence from the social and emotional work in British schools. Also have a look at Mark Greenberg's work.

Pediatrics. 2014 Mar;133(3):440-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3510. Epub 2014 Feb 17.

Peer victimization in fifth grade and health in tenth grade.

Bogart LM1, Elliott MN, Klein DJ, Tortolero SR, Mrug S, Peskin MF, Davies SL, Schink ET, Schuster MA.

Author information 1Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children who experience bullying, a type of peer victimization, show worse mental and physical health cross-sectionally. Few studies have assessed these relationships longitudinally. We examined longitudinal associations of bullying with mental and physical health from elementary to high school, comparing effects of different bullying histories.

METHODS: We analyzed data from 4297 children surveyed at 3 time points (fifth, seventh, and tenth grades) in 3 cities. We used multivariable regressions to test longitudinal associations of bullying with mental and physical health by comparing youth who experienced bullying in both the past and present, experienced bullying in the present only, experienced bullying in the past only, or did not experience bullying.

RESULTS: Bullying was associated with worse mental and physical health, greater depression symptoms, and lower self-worth over time. Health was significantly worse for children with both past and present bullying experiences, followed by children with present-only experiences, children with past-only experiences, and children with no experiences. For example, 44.6% of children bullied in both the past and present were at the lowest decile of psychosocial health, compared with 30.7% of those bullied in the present only (P = .005), 12.1% of those bullied in the past only (P < .001), and 6.5% of those who had not been bullied (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS: Both chronic and current bullying are associated with substantially worse health. Clinicians who recognize bullying when it first starts could intervene to reverse the downward health trajectory experienced by youth who are repeated targets.

J Pediatr Psychol. 2011 Sep;36(8):868-77. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsr025. Epub 2011 Jun 17.

Longitudinal associations among peer victimization and physical and mental health problems.

Biebl SJ1 Dilalla LF, Davis EK, Lynch KA, Shinn SO.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined how chronic experiences of peer victimization throughout childhood relate to mental and physical health outcomes in adolescence.

METHODS: Children were tested in a laboratory playroom at the age of 5 years. They completed questionnaires at time 2, between the ages of 10 and 18 years, and a telephone interview at time 3, between the ages of 12 and 20 years. A total of 70 youth participated at all three time periods. Chronic victims were defined as having high levels of peer victimization at all three time points.

RESULTS: Youth who were chronically victimized reported experiencing significantly more mental and physical health problems than youth categorized as desisters or nonvictims. Also, for girls only, chronic victims reported more specific health problems (headaches, sleep problems) than did nonchronic victims.

CONCLUSIONS: The present findings may assist health professionals in assessing and treating physical and mental health problems that appear to be related to peer victimization.

Can J Psychiatry. 2010 May;55(5):282-8.

The association of suicide and bullying in childhood to young adulthood: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings.

Brunstein Klomek A1, Sourander A, Gould M.

[email protected]

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To review the research addressing the association of suicide and bullying, from childhood to young adulthood, including cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings.

METHOD: Relevant publications were identified via electronic searches of PsycNet and MEDLINE without date specification, in addition to perusing the reference lists of relevant articles.

RESULTS: Cross-sectional findings indicate that there is an increased risk of suicidal ideation and (or) suicide attempts associated with bullying behaviour and cyberbullying. The few longitudinal findings available indicate that bullying and peer victimization lead to suicidality but that this association varies by sex. Discrepancies between the studies available may be due to differences in the studies' participants and methods.

CONCLUSIONS: Bullying and peer victimization constitute more than correlates of suicidality. Future research with long-term follow-up should continue to identify specific causal paths between bullying and suicide.

J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010 Oct;198(10):728-33. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f4aece.

Is a history of school bullying victimization associated with adult suicidal ideation?: a South Australian population-based observational study.

Roeger L, Allison S, Korossy-Horwood R, Eckert KA, Goldney RD.

[email protected]

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine whether a history of school bullying victimization is associated with suicidal ideation in adult life. A random and representative sample of 2907 South Australian adults was surveyed in Autumn, 2008. Respondents were asked "When you were at school, did you experience traumatic bullying by peers that was particularly severe, for example, being frequently targeted or routinely harassed in any way by 'bullies'?" Depression was determined by the mood module of the PRIME-MD which includes a suicidal ideation question; "In the last 2 weeks, have you had thoughts that you would be better off dead or hurting yourself in some way?" The overall prevalence of suicidal ideation in postschool age respondents was 3.4% (95% confidence interval: 2.8%-4.2%) in 2008. Bullying by peers was recalled by 18.7% (17.2%-20.3%). Respondents with a history of being bullied were approximately 3 times (odds ratio: 3.2) more likely to report suicidal ideation compared with those who did not. The association between being bullied and suicidal ideation remained after controlling for both depression and sociodemographic variables (odds ratio: 2.1). The results from the present research suggest that there is a strong association between a history of childhood bullying victimization and current suicidal ideation that persists across all ages. Bullying prevention programs in schools could hold the potential for longer lasting benefits in this important area of public health.