موضوع مهم جدا وجديد للغايه ..نزاع النازيه ...اتمنى لكم التوفيق واتمنى اتابع ما تحصلون عليه من معلومات حول هذا الموضوع

لم تضيف آراء النازية شيء جديدا على نتائج الحرب

هل توصلتم الى نتائج عن بحثكم؟؟

Maybe late: I found the book from Hanne Leßau, Entnazifierungsgeschichten... very inspiring and innovative

Denazification policy in Germany. Lecture summary.

1945-1947: denazification "from outside", key role of "allies",

1947-1965: partial renazification associated with the Cold War,

since 1965: generational change, the process of "thinking" (die Aufarbeitung) of the past.

1. The first period began with the prohibition of the NSDAP, the abolition of all Nazi laws. Traces of National Socialism in everyday life: signs on the streets, orders, books - all this was removed. The top of the party was arrested and brought to trial by the Nuremberg Tribunal. All these events took place in a relatively short period of time. Germany at that time was divided into 4 occupation zones: American, Soviet, British, French. In the eastern, Soviet zone (the future GDR), denazification was carried out directly by the Soviet authorities. An example of such activity is the 2nd special camp of the NKVD in Buchenwald, created on the territory of the former Nazi concentration camp. The Soviet camp, which was part of the Gulag system, appeared in 1945, ordinary members of the NSDAP got there, but not only them - there were largely “random” people or people who, for one reason or another, were “objectionable” to the new regime.

The main problem remained the external source of the denazification policy, while within German society this initiative was clearly not enough. The population was generally apathetic. Many were shocked by the events of the last war. The inhabitants of Weimar were taken en masse to Buchenwald so that they could see what was happening there all these years - however, what they saw did not cause the expected reaction (“what have we done ?!”) among the population. Denazification began very quickly - and it ended very quickly, especially in the western occupation zones. The imminent start of the Cold War - the confrontation between Western countries and the Soviet Union - had a huge impact on this.

Second period. The "Marshall Plan" began to operate, which was supposed to contribute to the restoration of the western zones. This part of Germany was to become an outpost for the Western states in defense against the USSR. The Truman Doctrine prevailed - the need to "contain" the communist threat. An important milestone in this nascent struggle was the Soviet economic blockade of Berlin, which was broken only with the help of an American air "bridge".

As a result, denazification was almost completely curtailed in many areas. In practice, this meant that many trials against Nazi criminals were not carried through to the end. After the creation of the FRG, these criminals were placed under the jurisdiction of the Germans themselves. Of the 6 million people recognized to varying degrees as involved in the crimes of Nazism, 98% did not suffer any punishment. Often, the same prosecutors served in the judiciary that worked under Hitler. Many former Nazis made political careers in Germany. 1959-1969 Heinrich Lübcke was federal president from 1979 to 1984. - the same post was held by Karl Carstens - both former members of the NSDAP. Needless to say, industrial and industrial giants, concerns that played a key role in the economy under Hitler, remained in their places.

3. Third period. Perhaps, only from the late 50s - early 60s a new phase began, the phase of "comprehension" by society of its past. At that time, they talked a lot about one case: in a refugee camp (which was still functioning, accepting prisoners of war returning from the USSR), a former soldier who arrived in Germany recognized the head of the camp as a man who committed crimes in wartime. This incident, and other events of a similar nature, led to the creation near Stuttgart of a special archive of the crimes of National Socialism. In 1963–1968 three high-profile trials of the executioners from Auschwitz took place. Society became more open. The prosecutor of Hesse, Fritz Bauer, was very actively involved in investigations related to the activities of the Nazis (now there is an institute named after him).

The vast majority of teachers at universities worked under the National Socialists. But a new "left" generation was already growing up. The year 1968 became an important milestone not only for students, but for the whole of German society: it was a revolt against the "old professors". The sons asked questions to their fathers, touched upon topics that had been silent for many years: “And what did you, father, do 20-30 years ago?”.

In my family, the person who was ready to answer such questions was my grandfather. He did not achieve much under National Socialism: he already had problems with his hand at that time, and therefore he could not raise it up in the Nazi salute. He told me a lot - in particular, about how his own brother was going to denounce him to the Gestapo, because in 1942 his grandfather expressed doubts about Germany's victory in the war in conversations. There was another example: my uncle said that "Auschwitz did not exist" - I answered him "you are an idiot, you are a fascist" - the difficulties in understanding between generations have not completely disappeared.

In the late 70s, the American TV series Holocaust had a huge impact on society. There were many initiatives "from below", the state supported them.

There was reconciliation with France. The Catholic Church became active. In the 1970s, the time came for a "new policy" towards Eastern Europe - Poland and the USSR.

The Germans have become world champions in tourism - their travels around the world have made Germany more open. These were the achievements of pluralism and globalization. The state contributed to these processes - first a French-German, then a Polish-German youth exchange was organized. Considerable funds were allocated for this. There was an interest in topics that had hardly been mentioned before.

In my family, many relatives were expelled from the eastern territories - they were deported Germans and Germans who fled from the approaching front.

Personally, for example, it was difficult for me to recognize the fate of the expelled Germans, the bombing of Dresden, as a tragedy. I often said: “yes, yes, it’s terrible, but it was Germany that started the war!”. And then one day my Polish friend, after listening to the story of my mother, said to me - “Listen, it's terrible! She is a victim like so many others." Abroad, I learned to feel like a German, to be a German - after all, before it seemed to me that I was a "citizen of the World", I did not recognize my "Germanness". And there I suddenly discovered that I was a typical German. In our generation, the most important role was played by regional identity, belonging to one's federal "land" within Germany.

Significant changes have taken place in recent years. In 2006, Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup. We have a coach with foreign experience, we have acquired a new, positive image - for the first time in a long time, even my generation was able to identify themselves with the national team, root for it.

So, I would like to summarize some of the main points related to the last period, active denazification and constructive reflection on our past:

the global policy of "détente" played an important role. We did not solve all the problems, but the main thing happened - the Cold War was over

interest in family history

a new role was assumed by the media - they began to take the initiative, there was a desire to ask critical questions, to explore problems that had not been raised by the public before.

Additional materials:

1) The Nuremberg trials of major war criminals. Sat. Materials, vol. 1-7, M., 1957-1961.

I have books

Fest J. Adolf Hitler. Perm, vol. 1–3, 1993

Frei N. State of the Fuhrer. National Socialists in Power: Germany, 1933–1945. M., 2009

True, they are in Russian, if they are interesting, I will post others

Legally, the denazification of Germany was the result of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, under which documents were adopted that recorded the results of the Potsdam Conference, which took place from July 17 to August 2, 1945 behind closed doors without the participation of the press. Decisions were made on the new political and territorial structure of Germany, its demilitarization and denazification, reparations paid by Germany and the fate of German war criminals. According to the concept of the Allies, enshrined in the results of the Potsdam Agreement, denazification provided for the liquidation of all Nazi organizations, the cleansing of German and Austrian society, culture, media, economy, jurisprudence and politics from any kind of nationalist ideas. The historic document that implemented the strategic concepts of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement on the denazification of Germany was the Directive of the Control Council No. 38 of October 12, 1946 "Arrest and punishment of war criminals, Nazis and militarists; internment, control and supervision of potentially dangerous Germans."

But the most severe was Directive of the Control Council No. 38 of October 12, 1946, which specified the denazification provided for by the Potsdam Agreement. The main responsibility for this process was to be assumed by the commanders of the zones of occupation. I am talking about the documentary side in such detail in order to emphasize that the rigidity that followed was internationally recognized and legally formalized.

All, absolutely all adult Germans had to appear before the denazification courts, where their behavior during the Third Reich was to be considered. Persons subject to denazification were divided into five groups: main criminals, criminals, petty criminals, followers or rehabilitated persons. Each adult German was given a precise definition of the type of behavior applicable to each category, and a possible punishment was established. Punishment could range from the death penalty or lengthy prison terms to confiscation of property, prohibition from professional activity, wage cuts, travel restrictions, or compulsory registration with the authorities.

Assess the scale. The total number of Germans involved in Nazism, according to the Allies, in the years 1945-1948 was about 3.5 million people. However, the entire German nation was recognized as sick with Nazism, in connection with which even the civilian population had to undergo the denazification procedure. Immediately after Germany's capitulation, the Allies found themselves in possession of a filing cabinet consisting of 8 million index cards containing information about members and candidate members of the Nazi Party.

The process of denazification in different occupation zones of Germany was carried out in different ways. In the Russian and French zones it is more loyal, but in the American zone it is very tough. In the US occupation zone, more than 900,000 cases were examined by the US military command in 545 courts. Consistently cleared were the governing bodies, justice, secondary and higher schools, from which in 1945-1948 approximately half a million former members of the Nazi Party were fired - 80 percent of all judges and teachers. While textbooks were being rewritten and new curricula were being formed, the children were taught by pensioners and students. 200 new courts were created with a renewed staff. All previously operating media were banned, the process of creating new forms of independent press, as in the United States, was actively going on, and in the Soviet zone the centralized approach of the Soviet press was copied.

The process of denazification involved the entire civilian population of Germany, who were forcibly shown films about war crimes and concentration camps. One of the most severe forms of the process of denazification of the German population in 1945, imprinted in its emotional memory for many decades, was the direction of the Germans to the mass graves of the executed civilians. The Germans were forced to dig out the bodies of dead Jews, Russians, Poles, and Hungarians from the common graves by hand and with improvised means, to carry the mutilated, mutilated bodies of the dead, including children and babies, and rebury them. It was precisely such an organization by the Americans literally "head-on" of a shocking "face-to-face confrontation" of peaceful Germans with the results of Nazi atrocities that not only made the Germans experience emotional shock, horror and shock, but also subsequently experience global guilt and shame of the entire nation for silent involvement in crimes. This has become a long-term cruel "vaccination" against the spread of the ideology of Nazism. So fans of everything American can take note of this example.