1) How can we extract the magnitude and the phase of the transmission and the reflection of the antenna structure.
2)If an Antenna radiates in backward Direction, What can be be the reasons behind it?
1. In any antenna system, total incident power is equal to the sum of transmitted power and reflected power. One of the reason for reflectance is impedance mismatch. We can find the magnitude of radiated power using time averaging poynting vector.
Refer Page.No 160 in the attached link, for detailed calculation of magnitude and phase of tranmission and reflection in dielectric.
https://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa/ch05.pdf
The direction of radiation depends on many parameters such as antennas shape and type, Braodside/Endfire, Orientation of the antenna.
2. Most of the communication applications high directivity antennas (highly directional) are designed to radiate maximum power in a specific direction. The reasons for backward radiations could be imperfections in geometrical configuration (shape, spacing between its elements, alignment), Scattering aperture of antennas, magnitude and phase of the excitation, The excitation levels of the different array elements.
see this link, my be it's helpful: https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/propagat/Propagat.htm
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