Why people test the effect of drug using Pre-treatment when they induced inflammation or injury with LPS? However, in real life, there is an inflammation before you treat the patient. So in simulation, you would assume that you introduce a drug (potential cure, treatment..) after LPS (the inflammation).
The easy answer.. because pre-treatment works... Becuase it prevents or at east slow down the start of inflammation. It's a LOT harder to stop inflammation once it starts.
And yes, to have any clinical utility, the drug would have to show activity post-LPS induction. But most of these studies you are looking at are pre-clinical discoveries, so it doesn't really matter: to establish a potential effect, most people use pre-treatment as one method to screen effectiveness initially.
Pre-treatment works. There is evidence from surgery. See Prehabilitation: preparing patients for surgery https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3702
Major surgery is like running a marathon—and both require training
The impact of surgery leads to significant homeostatic disturbance. The surgical stress response is characterised by catabolism and increased oxygen demand. The extent and duration of the stress response is proportionate to the magnitude of surgery and the associated risk of developing postoperative complications.
Patients who experience postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery have a reduced long term survival rate. Even in the absence of complications there is a 20-40% reduction in postoperative physical function and a significant deterioration in quality of life after major surgery.
The demand for surgical services is increasing as a result of an expanding, ageing population. Added to which, patients are becoming more “high risk” as they are often elderly, frail, and obese. These factors are not only associated with adverse postoperative outcomes but may negatively impact on decision making and, consequently, fair access to surgery.
To date, efforts to improve outcomes and access have predominantly focused on improving surgical and anaesthetic technique. Prehaibilitation is an evolving field.
Thanks Shen-An Hwang for your answer. But i think it will be more better if we perform Pre-treatment, Co-Treatment and Post-Treatment in the same experiment.
The ability to model human disease in the mouse makes it such a valuable experimental system. Mice are the most commonly used animal model for studying human disease, and for many good reasons:
- Mice are biologically very similar to humans and get many of the same diseases, for the same genetic reasons.
- Mice can be genetically manipulated to mimic virtually any human disease or condition. With modern sequencing and genomic engineering technologies, the precise mutation(s) underlying human disease can be introduced into mice, yielding more accurate and useful disease research data.
- Mice can be inbred to yield genetically identical strains. This uniformity allows for more accurate and repeatable experiments.
- Mice have an accelerated lifespan, with one mouse year equaling about 30 human years. Therefore, their entire life cycle can be studied within only two or three years.
- Mice are well understood because they have been used in biomedical research for nearly a century.
- Mice are a cost-effective and efficient research tool. They are small, they reproduce quickly, and they are relatively easy to handle and transport.
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