Most of the Ashes contains high percentage of carbon content which acts on delaying the setting time. In case of low percentages of carbon the pozzolanic reactivity effect of the silica contents dominates resulting in decreasing the setting time.
There are theoretically many substances possible causing retardation. In addition the carbon, a waste ash can contain heavy metals like zinc which are very strong retarders, even in small quantities. You should review the literature for " incineration bottom ash"
Generally wastes such as fly ash, slag etc when used to replace cement have low lime content. They further consumes CH produced with the hydration of the cement. This quantum of CH is also less with waste materials as C3S content would be less.
Setting time of cement is based on hydration process of cement immediately after mixing water. Similarly it depends on the ratio of basic compounds of cement. While adding fly ash results in to replacement of cement which may also delay the setting time and also till the hydration of cement and release of calcium hydroxide (free lime) is available the further reaction of fly ash with free lime takes time in resulting C-S-H gel. Thus the setting time is delayed a bit for fly ash blended cement.