"ND sample was first heated in a 9:1 (v/v) mixture of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 at 75 °C for 3 days, subsequently in 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution at 90 °C for 2 h, and then in 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution at 90 °C for 2 h. The resulting carboxylated/oxidized diamonds were extensively rinsed with deionized water and separated by sedimentation...."

Several articles used this method (shown also in the attached file) to create -COOH groups in ND particles surface. However, they didn't explain or illustrate why the second and the third step were used? I well understand that strong acid treatment is needed, but why NaOH? Does anyone know or guess? Thank you in advance.

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