Mirjana Vukovic,

I fully agree wth your views and stand always for freedom for womens expression and their pursuits.In India in my community women study freely and work on their choice including  my married daughter. But there are problems elsewhere where the expression is regulated. I felt if one values  women as a mother aspect then they will also agree to give freedom  a women rightfully deserve.But worldwide   women takes the major burden. It is the mind set that has to be changed and for this the word mother could find a better feel on the awareness of the immature male lot.

Dear Mirjana.

Because at that time the whole social structure was governed by male chauvinism.

Dear Mirjana,

The idea that women are less intelligent than men is a myth. Although men and women are biologically different, I know of no reliable study that shows that men are inherently more intelligent than women, or the other way aroung. Some men can be more intelligent than some women, some women can be more intelligent than some men, and  some men and women are equally intelligent, So, if we want to understand why, for a long time, there were, for example, fewer  female  than male scientists, we have to look at unjustifiable and unjust religious, political, cultural or ideological prejudices against women. Male chauvinism, for example, has been and still is a sad reality even in most so called developed countries. Hopefully, this sad reality is comimg to an end, that is, to a time that does not accept any discrimination as a function of gender, etnicity, nationality, age, political, religious, sexual orientation and the like. When this were the casee, then we will live in a peaceful  and just world. As it happens with any social ideal, we should not giving it up because it is difficult to implement in practical terms.

Best regards,

Orlando

Many research scholars are now women.The translation of research to technology is now mans domain.Does not matter as there are enough labourers around.Without any doubt creative aspect is always women though man may be the subtle and gross effect.Women are always admired,respected and loved.There is no doubt at all.If bureaucracy and governance is mismanaged in some places around the world it is really sorry state of affairs.

Dear all: Constantine, Orlando, and Sundaresan,

I don't think that  women were considered less intelligent. It was believed that a woman is destined to have children, to take care of children, of home and of her husband. Also, it was believed that a woman is someone's property. In some areas they even hide from the sight of other people, especially men. Women was forbidden to leave the house alone without a male escort. Education are gaining only female children in the courts, and rich families or scientists. Rich families are hired by the private teachers. Even, when the girls went to school, boys and girls didn't go to the same classes. There were even men's and women's schools, high school, say: Men's High School and

Women's High School. And what to say about "women's mind": they were often better than male counterparts !

I believe that you will agree with me !

Regards, Mirjana

The sequel follows

The story of Hypatia of Alexandria will give the answer why there were not too many prominent women scientists.

Of course, very good. Hypatia of Alexandria or short Hypatia  (the only daughter of the mathematician and philosopher  Theon of Alexandriawas) was Greek first woman mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Egypt. She was pupils at the Platonist school of Alexandria and after the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alexandria, where she taught philosophy and astronomy.

In this 21st century, there are still few women scientists. Eileen Pollack, a professor at the University of Michigan, wrote a long article entitled "Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?" in The New York Times Magazine (see the link below). Near the end of her article, there is the following passage about the reason for this phenomenon:

"As so many studies have demonstrated, success in math and the hard sciences, far from being a matter of gender, is almost entirely dependent on culture — a culture that teaches girls math isn’t cool and no one will date them if they excel in physics; a culture in which professors rarely encourage their female students to continue on for advanced degrees; a culture in which success in graduate school is a matter of isolation, competition and ridiculously long hours in the lab; a culture in which female scientists are hired less frequently than men, earn less money and are allotted fewer resources."

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/magazine/why-are-there-still-so-few-women-in-science.html?mcubz=0

When I was studying M.Sc, in my class room girl students were less than 30℅ but I am teaching in the same class room with more than 75℅ with girl students. In yesterday years much social boundaries in society to restrict the women in many aspects. But today Government as well as social organisations encouraging the women empowerment in many countries across the Globe.

Dear Mirjana and Miichael.

A very nice short reading on Ypatia by Joshua Mark among other would be;

https://www.ancient.eu/Hypatia_of_Alexandria/

Dear All.

Mirjana and Michael

https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Hypatia/hypatia.html

Dear Constantine, Dear All,

Hypatia is a counter-example of this what I wanted to say, i.e- she is not an example of this what I wanted to say. I wanted to draw attention to it that the girls were prohibited to go to school, to study, but that was not the case with old Greece.

Hypatia completed the Platonist school of Alexandria and after was the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alexandria, where she taught philosophy and astronomy.

Let's say, Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya we can find: she wasthe first major Russian female mathematician and a pioneer for women in mathematics around the world. She was the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe.

as well as 

Despite her obvious talent for mathematics, she could not complete her education in Russia. At that time, women there were not allowed to attend universities. In order to study abroad, she needed written permission from her father (or husband). Accordingly, she contracted a "fictitious marriage" 

Yes it is true, but not only for Russia, she could not complete her education in Germany nor in any other country in Europe.

She took private lessons with Karl Weierstrass, as the university would not even allow her to audit classes. 

Although she received outstanding results on partial differential equations, on elliptic integrals and on Saturn's rings, she  earned her doctorate in mathematics "summa cum laude", bypassing the usual required lectures and examinations  (with support of Weierstrass).

As a woman she could not get a job in Russia, but even in any other of the countries of Europe, until she tragically lost her husband.

Then, with the help of the mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler, whom she had known as a  Weierstrass's student, Kovalevskaya was able to secure a position as a privat-docent at Stockholm University in Sweden.

What kind of hard and thorny path of the great mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya

Sofia as a single woman, again with the help of  Weierstasse got a job at the University of Stockholm. It hired Goesta Mittag Leffler, also Weirstrasse student's

There is definitely a bias fillowed by the male dominated society through religion,social security and  to mans conveniece.If a person knows the true value of a mother then he will understand women better. In the name of social practices world controls even the dressing pattern for the conservatives to follow. But in many places womens freedom  has  also  led to misuse on the feminine identity through mental and physical abuses by the male counterparts.This creates a viscious circle and many women are shelved to safety restricting their free expression. But the moment man understands the beauty of a women the motherly aspect in them, then surely he will follow the wishes and aspirations that women genuinely deserve. Then everything will fall in its right place allowing women to be more freer and at the same time express their feminine traits inherent with creation and its purpose.

Dear colleague Sundaresan Muthuswamy,

Everything you said about the woman is nice and it is true. A woman as a wife, as a mother, a women as the pillar of the family, but that is not enough for woman.

The woman is a being who can and should get an education, to create and to progress both in private life as well as in profession and science if she has affinity for this. 

There's no one who would have had a right to act the fate of women, to close her in the house and determines her fate except herself !

Yes, there are problems in connection with the woman's safety, but if there is a legal state, these problems disappear !

Regards,

Mirjana

Mirjana Vukovic,

I fully agree wth your views and stand always for freedom for womens expression and their pursuits.In India in my community women study freely and work on their choice including  my married daughter. But there are problems elsewhere where the expression is regulated. I felt if one values  women as a mother aspect then they will also agree to give freedom  a women rightfully deserve.But worldwide   women takes the major burden. It is the mind set that has to be changed and for this the word mother could find a better feel on the awareness of the immature male lot.

Sundaresan Muthuswamy,

I'm glad we agree. Here we are talking about the reasons why there are no a lot of women among scientists. Of course, we're not talking about today's time, although up to the present day there are countries in which men and women do not have the same rights.  

Sofia Kovalevskaya: born Moscow 1850-- died 1891 Stockholm                                    almost before 200 years !

Women are more interested in bio medicine ,chemistry,botany and other soft subjects if we can call so.Practically areas of sciences that have a larger engineering component is male dominated.Pure scientific organisations  with a standing on basic research are limited to the developed countries which do not have a gender bias. The presenr day definition of scientists which includes engineering to a large extent are the big reputed institutions and industries where performance both in acadamics and experience count.

Dear Geddada Mohan Narasimha Rao,

It is true. Now is new time. A lot has changed. But still there are countries in which the rights of women and men are not the same. Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive cars. Now they will be able. 

In some countries, even the Europe women's lower wages (for the same job) than men.

Although, a lot has changed, and from day to day changes.

Regards, Mirjana

Dear all,

Of course, if woman was not allowed to be educated--to learn, woman could not become a respectable scientist, One typical example is Sofia Kovalevskaya. Although, her scientific results deserved to be recognized as a doctorate, she didn't have the right to defend it.  On the proposal of the famous mathematician Weierstrass, assigned her doctorate in the absence.

Mirjana

Self-efficacy and low self-esteem are some of the factors I would like to raise. Even in most of my lectures, it is worth noticing that female students are battling with these two factors. However, it is only a few of them that embrace helping hands. But, some of them are doing exceedingly great. All academicians, teachers, and lecturers should continually reach out to them.

n principle, I agree with you Isaac Lare Animasaun,

Self-confidence and self-respect are two very important facts. In some countries, especially with the socialist sign, a lot has been adopted and accepted. .: women did not feel less valuable, there were no male and female occupations, except those of the heaviest, physical ones.

All the best,

Mirjana

The point is the values that society imposes on its members.

Yes, I agree with you colleague Verevkin.

During socialism, women in many countries have acquired the same rights as men, i.e. they have become equal members of society.

Let's remember the genial Amalie Emmy Noether who graduated from Erlangen University without ever enrolling -- as a woman could not enroll at the University. She could hear lectures, because her father, Max Noether, was a math professor at this University.

Despite proven genius, she has never been employed in Germany. In 1933 she emigrated from Germany's Nazi to US where she take up position at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania.

Mirjana

In many ways I agree with you, Mirjana, but I want to add.

The legislative equation of rights does not always lead to equality in public position. Because the life of society is largely determined by tradition, and not the law. That is why socialism can not yet resist the pressure of egoistic consumer ideology.

Regarding the position of women in science: the family and the community expect from the woman that she will be the wife and mother in the first place, and everything else - at the last. Need to have considerable free-thinking or vitality to reject this pressure or accept it, but remain in science. Examples are known - Agniesie, Kovalevskaya, Noether and Keldysh. Their biographies are very interesting.

Веревкин, привет !

I agree with you, partially.Your explanation is an explanation for a lot of older times, but not for the 21st century.

Of coursе, it was Sofia Kovalevsaya (Соoфья Васи́льевна Ковалевская 1850 - 1891, 19st century) thirty years older than Emmy Noether (1882-1935, the begining 20st century) and Lyudmila Keldysh (1904-1976, also 20st century).

I know well biographies of Sofie and Emmy !

When I mentioned that in socialism, the society was organized to help the employed woman I was thinking: the kindergartens were opened for children while their mothers were working, as well as extended stays in the school ... There was no need to stand for sex in the competition or the woman should be conditioned a job to give up maternity. It was sanctioned by the law of those institutions who would not receive a job for a woman who had better conditions than a man...

Hello Mirjana.

I have no doubt that the socialist project influenced the improvement of the position of the oppressed classes and peoples throughout the world. Socialism is impossible without a scientific approach to the organization of society, without the rational use of natural and human resources. As soon as scientific planning began to be replaced by the arbitrariness of the elites, society began to return to its primitive state. In the 21st century, we see a rollback from the idea of ​​scientific and technological progress, science is replaced by its noisy imitation. It is surprising that science managers still do not measure the value of women and men in science by their total Hirsch Index.

Здравствуйте Веревкин !

Я думаю чти Вы не путешествовали много и не видели много и потому

наверно у вас не хватает информаций.

Всего лучшего,

Мирьяна

Dear Mirjana Vukovic , it is very much about gender gap! Nice article and experience follow.

Do Female Scientists Face Gender Disparity While Setting up Labs?

Women starting up research groups face more obstacles than their male peers ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00933-0

https://www.enago.com/academy/do-female-scientists-face-gender-disparity-while-setting-up-labs/