Porphyry copper deposits are formed by complex geological processes involving magmatism and metamorphism. The main reasons why they are most often associated with calc-alkaline igneous rocks are as follows:
1. Chemical composition of the magma: Calc-alkaline magmas have high contents of alkaline elements (such as sodium and potassium) and calcium, which favor the formation of copper minerals.
2. Temperature and pressure: These magmas form at great depths, where high temperatures and pressures favor the dissolution and migration of metals such as copper and gold.
3. Phase changes: As the magma crystallizes, phase separation occurs, which leads to the concentration of metals in certain zones, creating conditions for the formation of porphyry copper deposits.
4. Tectonic activity: Subduction zones and other tectonic processes often accompany the formation of calc-alkaline magmas, creating ideal conditions for the formation of porphyry copper systems.
5. Associated processes: Hydrothermal processes often occur in these areas, which contribute to additional concentration of copper and other metals.
Thus, the combination of geochemical, thermodynamic and tectonic factors makes calc-alkaline igneous rocks an ideal environment for the formation of porphyry copper deposits.