Why does land cool faster than water at night and which phrase describes the initial input of energy that is needed to break bonds in a chemical reaction?
three are two quetions, and I answer to the first one.
Whater has a very high specific heat coefficient (4 times that of earth for example) and is fluid. Therefore, the surfae watr cools down slowly, and when cooler than the deeper layers, it mixes with then, this keeping the temperature relatrivel high. The lad, at the contrary, is covered with vegetation that is reltatively light and cools down quicly. The soil firts layers are also quickly cooled becaus its specific heat coeffiient r and its thermal conductivity are both lower than that of the water.
for the seond question, the energys needed to break bonds in a chemical reaction is often called the bonding energy.
Land has lower heat capacity and requires less heat to increase its temperature and water has higher heat capacity and requires more heat to increase its temperature. Hence land heats up and cools down faster than water. So, now the air above the land is cooler and air above the sea is warmer. Therefore, due to the difference in heat capacity of water and soil, during the night land cools faster than sea. It takes less energy to change the temperature of land compared to water. This means that land heats and cools more quickly than water and this difference affects the climate of different areas on Earth. The heat that the ocean absorbs is mixed with the lower water quickly. That mixing spreads the heat around. At night, while the land cools off quickly, the water at the surface is kept warmer because the water is mixed around with the warmer water underneath. The specific heat capacity of land is less than that of the sea. Hence, it heats up faster as compared to water. This is because land has a smaller “heat capacity” than water, which means it needs less heat to raise its temperature. The chart below shows how the Earth's land surface (yellow line) has warmed more rapidly than the ocean (dark blue) over the observational record. At night the water cools down slower than land. The hot air above the water rises up and the cool air from the land moves towards the sea to take its place. At night the water cools down more slowly than land. So, the cool air from the land moves towards the sea. This is called land breeze. Land cools faster than water hence at night we experience land breeze. During the day, the land surface heats up faster than the water surface. Therefore, the air above the land is warmer than the air above the ocean. Now, recall that warmer air is lighter than cooler air.The energy that is required to break the bonds of reactants to initiate a chemical reaction is called activation energy. Chemical reactions that absorb (or use) energy overall are called endothermic. In endothermic reactions, more energy is absorbed when the bonds in the reactants are broken than is released when new bonds are formed in the products.Chemical reactions that absorb (or use) energy overall are called endothermic. In endothermic reactions, more energy is absorbed when the bonds in the reactants are broken than is released when new bonds are formed in the products. Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction and break chemical bonds in the reactants. Potential energy is the type of energy associated with an object's potential to do work. Chemical energy is the type of energy released from the breakdown of chemical bonds and can be harnessed for metabolic processes. Potential energy is stored energy that depends on the position of an object relative to another object.