At the Equator, the sun warms the water and land more than it does the rest of the globe. Warm equatorial air rises higher into the atmosphere and migrates toward the poles. This is a low-pressure system. At the same time, cooler, denser air moves over Earth's surface toward the Equator to replace the heated air. Near the Earth's equator, solar heating is intense year round. The Sun heats the ocean, evaporating tremendous amounts of water. The sun-warmed ocean heats the overlying air, which rises like a hot air balloon. As air rises, it cools, and water vapor condenses into rain. The sun heats the equator more than it does the poles, so there is a perennial movement of air between these two regions. Hot air at the equator rises into the troposphere at the equator, creating a low pressure area underneath it that is filled by cooler air from higher latitudes.

The tropics receive a great amount of direct solar energy, which produces more evaporation than higher latitudes. The warm, moist air rises, condenses into clouds and thunderstorms, and falls back to earth as precipitation. More evaporation results in more precipitation. As warm, moist air converges at lower altitudes near the equator, it rises and cools and therefore can hold less moisture. This causes water vapor to condense into cloud particles and produces a dependable band of thunderstorms in an area known as the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. The convectional rainfall is prevalent in equatorial regions. In these, the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches at a cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. In the equatorial regions, the precipitation due to convectional rainfall occurs in the afternoon. The equatorial region is the areas of abundant precipitation. The high level of rainfall is due to the equatorial belt's high temperature, high humidity, and highly unstable air. The trade winds from both the hemisphere converge and give rise to a general upward motion of air. The sun heats the equator more than it does the poles, so there is a perennial movement of air between these two regions. Hot air at the equator rises into the troposphere at the equator, creating a low pressure area underneath it that is filled by cooler air from higher latitudes. Because of Earth's spin and the Coriolis Effect, winds of a low pressure system swirl counterclockwise north of the equator and clockwise south of the equator. The low pressure area near Earth's equator is filled by cool air moving in from near the equator regions, the air becomes warm and rises to the atmosphere producing a region of low pressure. As the warm air rises in the atmosphere, the cool air from the regions on either side of the equator moves in to take its place. Low pressure is a cyclone and has anticlockwise winds blowing around it. High pressure is called an anticyclone and has clockwise winds blowing around it. In a low pressure weather system, air flows inward, but this deflection twists the air flow towards the right, creating an anticlockwise swirl of winds. In a high pressure system, air flows outward, and the deflection results in a clockwise rotation.

As warm air rises at the equator, it cools and condenses, forming clouds and precipitation. This process is known as convection, and it is driven by the intense solar heating of the Earth's surface at the equator. The resulting rainfall creates a low pressure area near the equator, which is then filled by cool air moving in from higher latitudes. This cycle of warm air rising, cooling and condensing, and cool air sinking creates a continuous circulation pattern known as the Hadley cell, which plays a key role in regulating global weather patterns.

Dear Hossein Talebi Khiavi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Convectional rainfall occurs in the Equatorial region. The Equatorial region receives a greater amount of solar radiation. When the energy of the sun heats up the earth's surface, there is an evaporation of water, forming water vapour. The warm air above the land surface expands and rises. Cold air, being more dense, sinks and hot air, being less dense, rises. Consequently, the rising warm air at the equator becomes even less dense as it rises and its pressure decreases. An area of low pressure, therefore, exists over the equator. Near the Earth's equator, solar heating is intense year round. The Sun heats the ocean, evaporating tremendous amounts of water. This daily cycle of heating, evaporation, and convection creates a persistent band of showers and storms around Earth's middle. At the Equator, the sun warms the water and land more than it does the rest of the globe. Warm equatorial air rises higher into the atmosphere and migrates toward the poles. This is a low-pressure system. At the same time, cooler, denser air moves over Earth's surface toward the Equator to replace the heated air. When a low pressure area interacts with a high pressure area, the air tries to move to equalize. There is more relative energy in the higher pressure area, so it moves toward the lower pressure area. The movement is what creates wind. The Indian subcontinent experiences two main types of rainfall- the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon, which is also called the 'long rains', lasts from June to September and brings about 75% of India's annual rainfall. The convectional rainfall is prevalent in equatorial regions. In these, the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches at a cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. In the equatorial regions, the precipitation due to convectional rainfall occurs in the afternoon.

It has always intrigued me that the equatorial regions are so green and pleasant compared with + /- 15o from the equator. Satellite images show that the cloud cover over this belt is almost permanent and protects it from the high solar heat flux that would otherwise cause desertification. The monsoons are a different issue of course. The equatorial climate may be caused by the lower movement of seas and air than occurs due to the weaker coriolis forces at the equator.

Dr Jack Broughton thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The water content of air roughly doubles with every 10o C increase in temperature. So the air rising at the equator is warm and full of water vapor; as it rises into the upper atmosphere it cools, and the cool air can no longer hold as much water vapor, so the water condenses and forms rain. The high level of rainfall is due to the equatorial belt's high temperature, high humidity, and highly unstable air. The trade winds from both the hemisphere converge and give rise to a general upward motion of air. The sun heats the equator more than it does the poles, so there is a perennial movement of air between these two regions. Hot air at the equator rises into the troposphere at the equator, creating a low pressure area underneath it that is filled by cooler air from higher latitudes. At the Equator, the sun warms the water and land more than it does the rest of the globe. Warm equatorial air rises higher into the atmosphere and migrates toward the poles. This is a low-pressure system. At the same time, cooler, denser air moves over Earth's surface toward the Equator to replace the heated air. Equatorial regions are hotter and the air above expands, becomes less dense and rises. This produces a low pressure belt at this latitude. Convectional rainfalloccurs in the Equatorial region. The Equatorial region receives a greater amount of solar radiation. When the energy of the sun heats up the earth's surface, there is an evaporation of water, forming water vapour. The warm air above the land surface expands and rises.