MPPT is basically a DC-DC converter. Although there are several ways to implement MPPT, the basic functionality is as follows: The DC/AC converter, transformer and AC/DC converter separate the DC input from the DC output so that the output power can be regulated for maximum power. For example, if a 160W solar panel outputs 20V at 8A, it should be rated around 13.6V to charge a 12V battery A normal charger cannot deliver more than 8A at 13.6V (or 109W), which means that the panel is not used efficiently and only 76% of the power from the solar panel is used To be available. The MPPT charge controller can deliver approximately 11 amps at 13.6 volts (150 watts), reducing charge times and ensuring a better match between panel and battery.In this case, the panel is used more efficiently since it can supply the battery with about 94% of the available energy.
MPPT is the most efficient change controller as it allows the solar panel generates about 85-90% of its actual power
For example a panel rated 10A may not produced 10 optimally if a PWM controller is used. Since PWM is a voltage sensitive controller, any voltage above it's threshold, renders the controller useless. But MPPT converts the excess voltage to current. Let's look at a system requiring 48VDC, such can be powered with 200VDC solar panel provided the voltage is within the MPPT controller voltage. Within a short time the battery will receive it full charge
You can take a look at this paper for your interest
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