Before elaborating on the area of automation, it is always relevant to make a mention of the point that while reading this book, one may often find it difficult to relate between automation and product design. The reason behind this could be attributed to the fact that some of the readers tend to relate some words such as industrial automation, technical function and mechanical engineering to the insight of this book, while in the world of product design, automation holds the second position, which is an important position after the needs as it is the main axle of design method.

Following this explanation, we would like to get on with the description of automation. As professor Saeed Zohari Anboohi had earlier stated in his classes that “automation is an exchange of mental and physical ability in products”, my view point also concurs with this issue as “Human beings are inherently inactive and lazy from the very inception (early man) and in order to sustain, tried to design products (based on different levels of automation) that would resolve his needs and overcome his inabilities.”

Interesting as it sounds, but human beings have a lot of limited abilities compared to animals. As we can see that we are unable to hang upside down with our legs like a bat, or swim the way goose can, with its webbed feet, we cannot tear apart anything like the tiger can with its paws, or have long sighted powers like those of eagles. We neither have strong beak like that of a woodpecker nor do we have shark’s teeth or a dog’s flair, all of which makes a man look like the bearer of manifold shortcomings. However one property that can be common between human and animals is the laziness of a Brit(bear). Though that laziness also is a mental order and in fact it can be likened to a mental disability and it is more important and effective than physical disability. Sometimes the user may have enough physical disability but laziness controls the mind and stops the user from working, for instance an example can be cited of the dishwasher.

Because of disabilities human have tried to find an alternative by putting automation levels on products knowing clearly that the level of automation is suitable for a product to solve user’s need.

Marshall McLuhan believes that automation “is a method of doing an activity with itself as much as it is a method of thinking”. Therefore the designer’s idea, which intends to resolve user’s need through a series of program, mechanisms or designs in product, is called automation.

Always founded and based on the automation of the products, it is based on one of these four functions of product, which are namely aesthetics, physiological, technical and economic function). Here comes the valid point that automation can just support physiological function and it has also some effects on other three functions, which could have either positive or negative effect.

Automation can also be defined as an operation of product by which a process or procedure is accomplished without human assistance (or with less assistance). Automation is implemented using a program of instructions or one/many design or one/many mechanism that executes the instructions. To automat a process, power that creates A(1) level is required, that leads the process.

Although automation can be applied in a wide variety of areas and engineers use it in the tools of manufacturing industries, it is most closely associated with the designing all user’s products. An engineering manager at Ford Motor Company originally coined the term automation in 1946 to describe the variety of automatic transfer devices and feed mechanisms that had been installed in Ford’s production plant though the word was used in the context of manufacturing.

It is ironical that nearly all modern applications of automation are controlled by computer technologies which is a huge leap from the first automation, in the form of the bone that was used as an arm (based on A(1) level of automation) till development of the symbolic language APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) in 1954 but human from automation has got benefit in resolving the needs.

Hence summing up all this we can give a brief overview of automation. The first question is what is actually automation? What kind of needs automation levels can resolve? What is the relation of need and automation? What are the levels in automation of product? And lastly how can a designer apply a level of automation for resolving a user’s need on a product?

Therefore to identify and evaluate those questions in the following chapters, we discuss the history of automation and its recognition. These chapters serve as a foundation for the remaining chapters in our coverage that covers error of different levels of automation.

Initially when man found automation, he had to overcome the errors too. He tried to decrease the mistakes of the levels of automation but he observed that only improving the levels of automation cannot resolve the problem of errors therefore, he designed the independent construction groups, from construction groups of levels of automation. Unfortunately, to be able to control the error of levels of automation, till today he did not have enough activity and research in this area, consequently this subject could not also find a name because of which here for the first time I coined the term of “Anti-autosin” which control errors and disabilities of levels of automation with composition of “Sin”, “Automatos” and “Anti”.

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