Diego Emiliano Gen Delgado

Your Bottom-up method creates small molecules that are then combined to form larger structures:

Microwave synthesis

Uses microwave radiation to rapidly heat a solvent containing precursors, accelerating the reaction to formCQDs .

Hydrothermal/solothermal reactions

Conducted in a closed reactor at elevated temperature and pressure, promoting the formation of stableCQDs .

Photocatalytic synthesis

Light energy initiates chemical reactions between precursors, leading to the formation ofCQDs .

Biological synthesis

Some microorganisms are able to convert organic matter into CQDs through biochemical processes. Advantages and limitations of methods

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages:

Microwave synthesis: fast, but difficult to control particle size.

Hydrothermal methods: produce pure CQDs , but require specialized equipment.

The choice of method depends on the required size, shape, and properties of the final products. The main thing is that the properties (near infrared radiation, photoluminescence) depend on the size and not on the synthesis conditions.